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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 37 New Conflagrations: World War II
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1
Chapter 37
New Conflagrations: World War II
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2
The Second World War
n Allies vs. Axis Powers n Italy, Germany and Japan form Axis n “Revisionists:” wished to revise post-World War
I peace treaties n Allies initially follow policy of appeasement n War erupts 1939, global by 1941, over 1945
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Axis Rally in Tokyo
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Japan’s War in China
n Conquest of Chinese Manchuria 1931-1932 n Full-scale invasion in 1937 n The Rape of Nanjing
q Ariel bombing of urban center q 400,000 Chinese used for bayonet practice, massacred q 7,000 women raped q 1/3 of all homes destroyed
n Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940), Non-Aggression Pact with USSR (1941)
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Chinese Resistance
n Japanese aggression spurs “United Front” policy between Chinese Communists and Nationalists
n Guerilla warfare ties down half of the Japanese army
n Yet continued clashes between Communists and Nationalists q Communists gain popular support, upper hand by end
of the war
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Italian Aggression
n Benito Mussolini invades Ethiopia with overpowering force q 2,000 Italian troops killed, 275,000 Ethiopians killed
n Also takes Libya, Albania
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Germany
n Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) withdraws from League of Nations
n Remilitarizes Germany n Anschluss (“Union”) with Austria, 1938 n Pressure on Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
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Munich Conference (1938)
n Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany meet n Allies follow policy of appeasement n Hitler promises to halt expansionist efforts n British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
(1869-1940) promises “peace for our time” n Hitler signs secret Russian-German Treaty of
Non-Aggression (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, August 1939)
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Invasion of Poland and France
n September 1, 1939 n Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” strategy
q Air forces soften up target, armored divisions rush in n German U-boats (submarines) patrol Atlantic,
threaten British shipping
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The Fall of France
n 1940: Germany occupies Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France
n Hitler forces French to sign armistice agreement in same railroad car used for the armistice imposed on Germany in 1918
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The Battle of Britain
n Air war conducted by the German Luftwaffe n “The Blitz” n 40,000 British civilians killed in urban bombing
raids q Especially London
n Royal Air Force prevents Germans from invading
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Operation Barbarossa
n Lebensraum (“living space”) n June 22, 1941 Hitler double-crosses Stalin and
invades USSR n Stalin caught off-guard, rapid advance n But severe winter, long supply lines weakened
German efforts n Soviets regroup and attack Spring 1942 n Turning point: Battle of Stalingrad (ends February
1943)
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High tide of Axis expansion in Europe and North Africa
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US Involvement in WWII before Pearl Harbor n US initiates “cash and carry” policy to supply
Allies with arms n “lend-lease” program: US lends war goods to
Allies, leases naval bases in return n US freezes Japanese assets in US n US places embargo on oil shipments to Japan n Japanese Defense Minister Tojo Hideki
(1884-1948) plans for war with US
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Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)
n FDR: “A date which will live in infamy” n Destroyed US Navy in the Pacific n Hitler, Mussolini declare war on the US on
December 11 n US joins Great Britain and the USSR
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Wreckage from Pearl Harbor
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Japanese Victories
n Japan dominates south-east Asia, Pacific islands n Establishes “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere”
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World War II in Asia and the Pacific
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Defeat of the Axis Powers
n Key factors: personnel reserves, industrial capacity
n US joining the war turned the tide q Shipbuilding, automotive production especially
important
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Allied Victory in Europe
n Red Army (USSR) gains offensive after Stalingrad (February 1943)
n British, US forces attack in North Africa, Italy n D-Day: June 6, 1944, British and US forces land in
France n US, Britain bomb German cities
q Dresden, February 1945: 135,000 Germans killed in shelters
n 30 April 1945 Hitler commits suicide, 8 May Germany surrenders
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Turning the Tide in the Pacific
n US code breaking operation Magic discovers Japanese plans q Battle of Midway (4 June 1942)
n US takes the offensive, engages in island-hopping strategy
n Iwo Jima and Okinawa q Japanese kamikaze suicide bombers q Savage two-month battle for Okinawa
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Japanese Surrender
n US firebombs Tokyo, March 1945 q 100,000 killed q 25% of buildings destroyed
n Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 1945
n Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989) surrenders unconditionally September 2, 1945
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Hiroshima after the Bomb
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Varieties of Wartime Occupation
n Independent States with enforced alliances q Thailand, Denmark
n Puppet States q Manchukuo, Vichy France
n Military Administration q Indochina, Poland
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Collaboration
n For some, opportunity for social mobility under conquerors
n Sometimes considered a lesser evil than military administration
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Resistance
n Military forms of resistance n Intelligence gathering n Protecting refugees n Symbolic gestures n German, Japanese policies of collective
punishment
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Nazi Genocide and the Jews
n Jews primary target of Nazi genocidal efforts q Other groups also slated for destruction: Roma
(Gypsies), Homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses n Nazis initially encouraged Jewish emigration
q Few countries willing to accept Jewish refugees
n Aborted plans to deport Jews to Madagascar, reservation in Poland
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The Final Solution
n Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) follow German army into USSR with Operation Barbarossa
n Round up of Jews and others, machine-gun executions of 1.4 million
n Later in 1941 decided on “Final Solution:” deportation of all European Jews to Death Camps
n Plans solidified at Wannsee Conference, January 1942
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The Holocaust
n Jews deported from ghettos all over Europe in cattle cars, spring 1942
n Destination: six specially designed Death Camps in Eastern Europe
n Technologically advanced, assembly-line style of murder through poison gas (Zyklon B)
n Corpses destroyed in crematoria n Estimated number of Jews killed: 5.7 million
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The Holocaust in Europe, 1933-1945
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Jewish Resistance
n German policy of collective punishment, generations of life as a minority hamper Jewish resistance efforts
n Yet ghetto uprisings, armed conflict nevertheless q Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, spring 1943
n Jews in partisan guerilla units
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Women and the War
n WAVES (Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service)
n US, Great Britain bar women from serving in combat units
n Soviet, Chinese forces include women fighters n Women very active in resistance movements
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Women’s Roles
n Women occupy jobs of men away at war n Also take on “head of household” duties n Temporary: men returning from war displace
women q Yet lasting impact on women’s movement
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“Comfort Women”
n Asian women forced into prostitution by Japanese forces
n 20/30 men per day, in war zones n “Comfort Houses,” “Consolation Centers”
q Killed when infected with venereal disease n Large-scale massacres at end of war to hide
crimes q Social ostracism for survivors
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Deaths During World War II (millions)
20
154
2
6
0.4
0.3
6 USSRChinaGermanyJapanPolesBritainUSJews
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Origins of the Cold War
n US, USSR, Great Britain unnatural allies during World War II q Tensions submerged until close of war
n Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945) q Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt q Decided on USSR declaration of war vs. Japan, setting up of
International Military Tribunal q Free elections for Eastern Europe
n Stalin arranges pro-communist governments in Eastern European countries
n 1946: “Iron Curtain” descends
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The Truman Doctrine (1947)
n World divided into free and enslaved states n US to support all movements for democracy n “containment” of Communism n NATO and the Warsaw Pact established
q Militarization of Cold War
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The Marshall Plan
n Named for George C. Marshall (1880-1989), US Secretary of State
n Proposed in 1947, $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe
n USSR establishes Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949
n The United Nations formed (1945) to resolve international disputes
