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Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering...

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Response to Stimuli Plants are sensitive to a wide range of stimuli. They elicit a response. They use a signal transduction pathway.
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Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.
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Page 1: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Chapter 39

Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants

Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and

abiotic environment.

Page 2: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

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Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

2

Page 3: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Response to Stimuli

Plants are sensitive to a wide range of stimuli.

They elicit a response.They use a signal transduction pathway.

Page 4: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Signal Reception

Signals are detected by receptors.Proteins change in response to the

stimulus.

Page 5: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Signal Transduction

Second messengers are small, internally produced chemicals.

They transfer and amplify signals from the receptor to the other proteins causing a response.

One signal receptor protein can give rise to hundreds of specific enzymes.

In this way, 2nd messenger signal transduction leads to rapid amplification of the signal.

Page 6: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.
Page 7: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.
Page 8: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.
Page 9: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Response

Signal transduction leads to one or more cellular pathways being regulated.

Usually, this leads to an increase in the activity of certain enzymes.

Page 10: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Response: 2 Main Mechanisms

1. Stimulating transcription of mRNA.2. Activating existing enzyme

molecules.

Page 11: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

1. Stimulating Transcription of mRNAThis is called transcriptional regulation.These transcription factors bind directly

to DNA molecules and control the transcription of specific genes.

Page 12: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

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2. Activating Existing Enzyme MoleculesThis gives rise to hundreds of second

messenger molecules which leads to hundreds of activated enzymes.

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http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/~w3bio315/lecture10.htm

Page 13: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.
Page 14: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

The Change in Phytochrome

Light causes the conformation of phytochrome to change.

This leads to an increase in cGMP (2nd messenger) and Ca2+.

cGMP activates protein kinases

Page 15: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

The Change in Phytochrome

Protein kinases are activated by cGMP and Ca2+, and can act to phosphorylate and activate other enzymes.

These can be used to stimulate or shut down transcription.

When transcription is affected, the enzymes can now synthesize proteins needed for the specific response.

Page 16: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

The Change in Phytochrome

The mechanism by which a signal promotes a new developmental course depends on the activation of positive or negative control factors.

Page 17: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Light

Light is an important environmental factor in the growth and development of plants.

Photomorphogenesis is the effect of light on plant morphology.

The ability of a plant to perceive light allows plants to measure the passage of days and seasons.

Page 18: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Photoperiodism

Photoperiodism is the physiological response of plant due to a change in the lengths of night and day--a photoperiod.

Page 19: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Different Types of Plants

There are 3 general varieties of plants classified according to their light requirements for flowering:1. Short-day plants2. Long-day plants3. Day-neutral plants.

Page 20: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Short-Day Plants

Respond the long nights. A.k.a. long-night plants.They usually flower in the late summer,

fall, or winter as the light period is shorter than 14 hours, for example.

Page 21: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Long-Day Plants

Respond to short nights.A.k.a. short-night plants.They flower when the light period is

longer than 14 hours, for example.

Page 22: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Day-Neutral Plants

These are unaffected by the light period, and flower when they reach maturity.

Tomatoes, rice, and dandelions.

Page 23: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Classic Experiments

In the 1940’s scientists began experimenting with photoperiods.

They looked at the length of the night and day.

In these experiments, they found that short-day plants flower when days are 16 hours or shorter (nights are 8 hours or longer).

Page 24: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Classic Experiments

They looked at flowering:They found that if the daytime portion of

photoperiod is broken by a brief period of darkness, there is no effect--that is, the plant still flowers.

However, if the nighttime portion of the photoperiod is interrupted by a short period of dim light, the plant doesn’t flower.

Page 25: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Classic Experiments

The opposite is true for long-day plants.When long day plants are grown in a

photoperiod of a long night, flowering doesn’t occur.

However, if the long night portion of the experiment is interrupted by a brief period of dim light, flowering will occur.

Page 26: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

From These Experiments

Red light is most effective at interrupting the nighttime portion of the photoperiod.

Scientists have demonstrated that phytochrome is the pigment that measures the photoperiod.

Page 27: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Extending the Experiments

Scientists at the USDA conducted these experiments.

Phytochrome was demonstrated to be the pigment responsible for seed germination.

From this, they were able to elucidate the flowering cycle.

Page 28: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

USDA Flowering Experiments

Seeds were subjected to a variety of monochromatic light.

Red and far-red light opposed each other in their germinating ability.

One induced germination, the other inhibited it.

Page 29: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.
Page 30: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

USDA Flowering Experiments

It was determined that the two different forms of light switched the phytochrome back and forth between two isomeric forms.

Page 31: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

USDA Flowering Experiments

One form caused seed germination, the other inhibited the germination response.

Page 32: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

USDA Flowering Experiments

The question: How do plants in nature illicit a response to light and begin germination?

Page 33: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

USDA Flowering Experiments

If seeds are kept in the dark, they synthesize Pr.

When seeds are illuminated with sunlight, they begin to be converted to Pfr.

The appearance of Pfr is one of the ways plants detect sunlight.

Adequate sunlight converts Pr to Pfr and triggers germination.

Page 34: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

USDA Flowering Experiments

In the flowering response, scientists were able to show the effects of the red and far red light on the flowering ability in plants.

Again, the 2 forms of light canceled each other.

Page 35: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.
Page 36: Chapter 39 Plant Responses: Long-Day and Short Day Plants Essential Idea: Reproduction in flowering plants is influenced by the biotic and abiotic environment.

Other Stimuli

There are also a wide variety of stimuli other than light that effects plant growth.

Gravity, mechanical stimuli, and environmental stress also play a role in plant growth and development.


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