A STUDY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 4DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS4.0IntroductionIn this chapter the analysis were as described in Chapter 3. This analysis was carried out to identify the most used reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery technique at construction site and the differences among reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery technique on residential projects, commercial project, industrial project and government projects. To achieve this, a study was conducted on 20 construction sites that have been randomly selected in the district of Jasin, Melaka.Data collected through the questionnaire to 30 respondents and interviews with responsible officials at the 20 construction site is selected. Interviews carried out in order to gain insight into the contractor on the rate of total construction waste and techniques that have been used.

To obtain data and information required, a questionnaire has been prepared to facilitate the respondents to cooperate in providing information related to the purpose of this study. Data and information obtained through this method and then analyzed using appropriate statistic that conclusion can be made and give the extent of recycling of construction waste materials can be carried out at a construction site. Questionnaire form is shown in Appendix B.4.1General Information Project and the RespondentGeneral information on the respondents' construction projects were displayed in Table 4.1.1. This table reflects the project's location, status of the contractor, project type and number of respondents for this study.Table 4.1.1: General information of respondentsLocation of projectJasin, Melaka

Types of sitesResidentialIndustrialCommercialGovernment

Total of sites9254

Total of forms distributed27060150120

Total of respondents23149124108

Table 4.1.2: Percentage of Respondents Number of responsesTypes of sitesTotal of respondentsPercentage of the returned (%)

No. of distributedNo. of the returned

Residential27023186

Industrial604982

Commercial15012483

Government12010890

( = 600( = 512

Figure 4.1.1: The bar chart reflects the experience of the respondents in the construction by year.4.2Identify common materials of construction waste disposed of at a construction site.

Figure 4.2.1: The bar chart shows the mean of the types of construction waste disposed of regularlyTable 4.2.1: The average index for construction waste removed5= Highest4=High3= Intermediate2=Low

1=LowestTypes of construction wasteFrequency analysisThe average indexStatus

12345

Bricks/concrete-119132255-3.23Intermediate

Timbers---1054074.79Highest

Steels/metals68308136--2.13Low

Gravel and aggregate-221187104-2.77Intermediate

Glass (un-tempered)44270---1.14Lowest

There are five common types of waste materials removed from the research literature are identified and listed in the questionnaires. There were 512 respondents to give feedback on construction waste material most often thrown at a construction site. Construction waste materials can be identified in Table 4.3. Data obtained from 20 construction sites of the point (1-5) are given based on the frequency of each type of construction waste being dumped at a construction site.Average points obtained will be used to determine the frequency of each type of construction waste being dumped at a construction site classification based on the following points:Highest

4.50 point average < 5.00

High

3.50 point average < 4.50

Intermediate 2.50 point average < 3.50

Low

1.50 point average < 2.50

Lowest

0.00 < point average < 1.50

Based on the average index value was analyzed, type of construction waste is often disposable a timber with an average index of 4.79. This decision is based on the average index value of the highest in five different types of construction waste.

While the construction waste material intermediate in disposed is a bricks/concretes and gravel and aggregate products. Two of the index recorded an average value of 3.23 and 2.77.

Next is the low frequent construction waste materials disposed of steel. The mean value for steel is 2.13, followed by the glass (un-tempered) where the average value of 1.14 recorded the lowest average value in the material being studied.4.3Reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery technique usage analysisThis data is obtained through interviews. Three officers from each of 20 selected sites were interviewed. The interview can be concluded as follows:

4.3.1Reducing of sources

NoWaste Reduction

(conceptual planning)Material

Bricks / concreteTimbersSteels/metalsGravel and aggregate productsGlass (un-tempered)

Waste minimization techniques are consider during:

1planning stage2716934

2design phase121721818

3tender and contract stage82-52

4construction phase2843443219

5procurement-1-3-

6setting up site layout1215511-

7Storage and material handling71712020

8Collection procedures4----

9site personnel job description3--12-

10the execution of waste management system1456-7

Figure 4.3.1.1: The graph above showed the reducing of sources.4.3.2Reuse technique

NoWaste Reuse

(continuous used of material)Material

Bricks / concreteTimbersSteels/metalsGravel and aggregate productsGlass (un-tempered)

Waste are being use for :

1Repeated purpose32471429100

2Backfilling5--31-

3sub base for pavement---18-

4sub base for apron slab26--13-

5Embankment37--9-

6reinforcement in the apron slab--58--

7support work-5328--

Figure 4.3.2.1: Reuse technique4.3.3Recycle technique

NoWaste Recycle

( waste to material )Material

Bricks / concreteTimbersSteels/metalsGravel and aggregate productsGlass (un-tempered)

Waste are :

1sold to recycle centre-6371-68

2use as crusher run97--74-

3produce into other material to be used again337292632

Figure 4.3.3.1: The graph above shown a recycle technique4.3.4Recovery technique

NoWaste Recover

( waste to energy)Material

Bricks / concreteTimbersSteels/metalsGravel and aggregate productsGlass (un-tempered)

Waste are sent for / to :

1Gasification (to extract carbon)

2pyrolysis(chemically process)

3power plant as a form of fuel

4biodigestion (for future fossil energy)

xiii

_1394984023.xlsChart1

251

137

124

Total of respondent

The experienceof the respondentsin the constructionby year.

Sheet1

YearsTotal of respondent

1 years - 5 years251

5 years - 10 years137

10 years - 20 years124

To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.

_1394998000.xlsChart1

3250263700

470000053

1400005828

29311813900

100000000

Repeated purpose

Backfilling

Sub base for pavement

Sub base for apron

Embakment

Reinforcement in the apron slab

Support work

construction waste materials

works

Reuse technique

Sheet1

Repeated purposeBackfillingSub base for pavementSub base for apronEmbakmentReinforcement in the apron slabSupport work

Bricks/concrete3250263700

Timbers470000053

Steels/metals1400005828

Gravel and aggregates products29311813900

Glass (un-tempered)100000000

To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.

_1394998261.xlsChart1

0973

63037

0029

297426

10000

Sold to recycle centre

use as crusher run

produce unto other material to be used again

construction waste materials

actions

Recycle technique

Sheet1

Sold to recycle centreuse as crusher runproduce unto other material to be used againSub base for apronEmbakmentReinforcement in the apron slabSupport work

Bricks/concrete0973263700

Timbers6303700053

Steels/metals0029005828

Gravel and aggregates products29742613900

Glass (un-tempered)100000000

To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.

_1394997156.xlsChart1

21282801274314

71724311517005

1621044051006

98532311200120

34182190020007

Planning

Design

Tender and contract

Construction

Procurement

Setting up site layout

storage and material handling

collection procedures

site personnel job description

the execution of waste management system

construction waste materials

stages

Reducing of sources

Sheet1

PlanningDesignTender and contractConstructionProcurementSetting up site layoutstorage and material handlingcollection proceduressite personnel job descriptionthe execution of waste management system

Bricks/concrete21282801274314

Timbers71724311517005

Steels/metals1621044051006

Gravel and aggregates products98532311200120

Glass (un-tempered)34182190020007

To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.

_1394982364.xlsChart1

1.14

2.77

2.13

4.79

3.23

Series 1

Construction waste

The average index

construction waste disposed of at a construction site.

Sheet1

Series 1

Glass (un-tempered)1.142.42

Gravel and aggregate products2.774.42

Steels/metals2.131.83

Timbers4.792.8

Bricks/concrete3.23

To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.