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Chapter 4 A Picture is Really Worth a Thousand
Words
Part IISigma Freud & Descriptive
Statistics
Why Illustrate Data?
When describing a set of scores you will want to use two things…One score for describing the group of data
Measure of Central TendencyMeasure of how diverse or different the
scores are from one anotherMeasure of Variability
However, a visual representation of these two measures is much more effective when examining distributions.
Ten Ways to a Great Figure
Minimize the “junk”Plan before you start creatingSay what you mean…mean what you sayLabel everythingCommunicate ONE ideaKeep things balancedMaintain the scale in the graphRemember…simple is bestLimit the number of wordsThe chart alone should convey what you
want to say
Frequency Distributions
Method of tallying, and representing the number of times a certain score occursGroup scores into interval classes/ranges
Creating class intervalsRange of 2, 5, 10, or 20 is usually good10-20 class intervals for the entire range of
dataDivide total # of data points by # of class
intervals desired to determine numeric range of the class intervals
HistogramsHand Drawn Histogram
HistogramTally-Ho Method
Frequency PolygonA “continuous line that represents the
frequencies of scores within a class interval”
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Fat & Skinny of Frequency Distributions
Distributions can be different in four different ways…Average valueVariabilitySkewnessKurtosis
Average Value
Variability
SkewnessPositive & Negative Skewness
KurtosisPlatykurtic (A) & Leptokurtic (C)
Cool Ways to Chart DataColumn Chart
Cool Ways to Chart DataLine Chart
Cool Ways to Chart DataPie Chart
Using the Computer to Illustrate Data
Creating Histogram Graphs
Using the Computer to Illustrate Data
Creating Bar Graphs
Using the Computer to Illustrate Data
Creating Line Graphs
Using the Computer to Illustrate Data
Creating Pie Graphs