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Chapter 4 - Cell Structure and FunctionThe printed out notes are more detailed than these slides, you are expected to read the chapter and your notes - anything is fair game on the test, but the cell chapter is largely review. Lab: microscopes and membranes Thurs: 10/9A. The Cell Theory1. Every living organism is made of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. It is the smallest unit that can perform life functions.

3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

*Why is the Cell Theory called a Theory and not a Fact?Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio

If there a person was at the very center of each house and accidently started a fire, the person in which house would have a better chance of escaping? Figure 4.3Figure 4.3Early ContributionsHookeLeeuwenhoekSchleidenSchwannVirchowhttp://htwins.net/scale2/ Figure 4.2B. ALL CELLS HAVE:

1. Cell Membrane a) Phospholipid Bilayer (double layer) b) Proteins c) Carbohydrates2. Genetic Material3. Cytoplasm (cytosol)ORGANELLES float within cytoplasm and perform specific functionsProkaryote CellsFigure 4.4aFigure 4.4EukaryotesEndosymbiosis :All organelles seem to share many properties with bacteria. Lynn Margulis proposed:endosymbiosis hypothesis: that ancient colonization of large bacteria (became the eukaryotic cell) engulfed smaller bacteria (became the mitochondria, chloroplast, etc.) Symbiosis = "living together".*Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have their own DNA

Animation at Microbiological Conceptshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ESXvLHceDc Endosymbiosis Theory that ancient colonization of large bacteria (became the eukaryotic cell) engulfed smaller bacteria (became the mitochondria, chloroplast, etc.)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FQmAnmLZtE

Create a diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Include examples of each and anything you can rememberIn your notes: When done, use ch 4 to label the pictures on your notes outline handout pg 65 and 68 ProkaryoteEukaryoteCellsDNACytoplasmNucleusPlasma MembraneRibosomeCell wallMembrane Bound OrganellesSpecific in functionComplexMulticellularPlants, Animals, fungi No OrganellesMostly single cellsSimpleArchaea and bacteria bothQuick Recap.......1. What are the two main types of cells?

2. Which one is larger?

3. Which one does not have a membrane bound nucleus?

4. What are the three main parts of the cell (that all cells have)?

5. What are the 3 components of the cell theory?6. What theory best explains how eukaryotes evolved? Label the pictures on the top of your notes outline: use 65, 68-69 to helpProkaryotic or Eukaryotic? Has membrane bound organellesIncludes plant and animals cells Bacteria

Has no organelles

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PPPEEE

cell biology is a huge area, and is divided into many branches that biologists specialize in...

1) Oncology2) Microbiology3) Genetics4) Paleobiology5) Pathology ............to name a few

Here's an older video that compares prokaryotes and eukaryotes and discusses how cells evolved, film by the Phoenix Learning Group (17 minutes)

And a shorter video on the main parts of The CellThe Parts of the CellCell Diagram Directions: You will get a picture of a animal or plant cell, label the cell.label as many parts as you can rememberThen look in your book to label the restWrite a 2-5 word description of the function of each part

II. Nucleus:Nucleoplasm: semifluid matrixChromatin: uncoiled, fluid DNA and proteinsChromosomes: coiled, rodlike DNA structuresGene: unit of heredity located on DNA

Nucleolus: dark region of chromatin where rRNA joins with proteins to form ribosomal subunits (parts to make ribosomes)nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores for some things to enter and exit

Includes:Nuclear envelopeMembrane of the ERGolgi apparatusSeveral types of lysosomes

III. Endomembrane System:I am a reticulated python. Ask me what I have to do with the endoplasmic reticulum.The word reticulum means net.

A. Nuclear Envelope/ Membrane: RNA leaves nucleus to instruct production of proteins Figure 4.10aRough ER--has ribosomes --functions in protein synthesisB. Endoplasmic Reticulum(endoplasm= "within cytoplasm", reticulum= "little net" --divides cell into compartments--channels molecules through the cell's interior, like a little highway, make vesicles

-- ER transports newly assembled proteins to the Golgi ApparatusSmooth ER--no ribosomes--mostly contains enzymes that act in lipid synthesis (such as hormones like estrogen and testosterone) Vary depending on locationFigure 4.10C. Golgi Apparatus: Delivery System

-flattened stacks of membranes-functions in collection, modifying, packaging and distribution of molecules made in the cell and used elsewhere-unprocessed proteins enter the front end (cis) near the ER, and are exported near the cell membrane, at the back end (trans)--the folded stacks are called cisternae

Jobs of the Golgi Apparatus (aka Golgi Complex)1. separates proteins according to their destinations2. modifies proteins (adds sugar and makes glycoproteins)3. packages materials into vesicles which are exported outside the cell - secretion

Lysosomes - Intracellular Digestion Centers --contain high levels of degrading enzymes (to "lyse" means to dissolve)--recycle old and worn out cell parts- apoptosis "suicide sac -digest other particles taken in by phagocytosis--this "food" is stored in food vacuoles, the lysosomes fuse with the vacuoles and release digestive enzymes

Lysosomes - Intracellular Digestion CentersTAY-SACHS disease What do lysosomes have to do with this deadly disease?

Article and Video on Tay Sachs http://6abc.com/archive/9036458/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzEpkBU-ITA

Tay-Sachs disease is caused by the absence or significantly reduced level of a enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase (Hex-A). Normally, Hex A is a digestive enzyme that is part of the lysosome. Without the correct amount of the Hex-A enzyme, a fatty substance or lipid called GM2 ganglioside accumulates abnormally in cells, especially in the nerve cells of the brain.Common in Jewish and Irish population Ribosomes - Sites of Protein Synthesis-each is composed of two subunits, one large and one small-mRNA is "read" by the ribosomes and amino acids are assembled into proteins-ribosomes are manufactured by the nucleolus, assembles by ER

--polyribosomes strings of ribosomes in the cytoplasm that work to make a proteinFree vs Bound RibosomeFree ribosomes: produce proteins that are used by the cell. - ex: for metabolism of food. Bound ribosomes: produce proteins that are transported out of the cell. - ex: for a specific function, such as digestive enzymes and polypeptide hormones.

Mitochondria --contains its own DNA, support for Endosymbiosis Theorymitochondria divide before cell division, they are not synthesized like other cell parts--function: store energy for cell use. Energy is stored in the form of ATP - adenosine triphosphate

-2 membranes, one smooth outer membrane, and an inner membrane folded into layers called cristae--Cristae has two compartments: the matrix and the intermembrane spaceWhat happens if your mitochondria dont work?Mitochondrial Disease Video

Why is mitochondrial disease so devastating to children?

Consider the mitochondria have their own DNA separate from the parental DNA. How could you cure this disease?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_ylLEhRG30 QOD: CellsWhat parts of the cell are involved with protein production and what role does each part play? Compare and contrast plant and animal cells- use a graphic organizer: (venn, tree map, etc) Plant CellAnimal cellEukaryotePlasma MembraneNucleusRibosomeERMitochondriaChloroplast

Cell wallCytoplasmGolgi ApparatusVacuoleCentriolesFern CellsMuscle CellsHuman Cells1. What does the cell theory state? 2. Explain why cells are so small using the idea surface- area- to- volume ratio.

Focus on Plant CellsFigure 4.7bChloroplasts - Where Photosynthesis Takes Place Plants only

--has its own DNA, like mitochondrion--functions: to convert light energy to carbohydrates--carbohydrates then broken down in mitochondria to produce ATP

Parts of chloroplast--thylakoids are the individual disk shaped compartments-- Grana: stack of thylakoids--stroma is the fluid surrounded the thylakoids

*Chloroplasts are a type of plastidChromoplasts red, yellow and orange pigmentLeucoplasts colorless (potatoes) a. Microfilaments (now called actin filament) occur in bundles, form tracks within the cell for the movement of organelles, used to form pseudopods (ameba)b. Intermediate filaments - support membrane, cell to cell junctions c. Microtubules - (little pipe) radiate from the centrosome - form the spindle during cell division

Cytoskeleton- support system

Centrioles used during cell division to move and separate chromosomes, only found in animal cell

CytoskeletonHow do cells maintain their shape?

How do they move?

- pseudopod - cilia - flagellaPseudopod extensions of the cell that allow for movement (ameba), depend on actin filaments

Cilia (hair) & Flagella (whip)--function in movement-- 9 + 2 Arrangement of microtubules

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA

nine outer doublet microtubules surround a central pair of singlet microtubulesHey....remember enzymes?The Peroxisome

Found in plant and animal cells, this organelle plays a critical role in normal cell functioning. In human cells, peroxisomes house some sixty enzymes, involved in metabolic processes such as bile acid, cholesterol, and plasmalogen biosynthesis, as well as -oxidation

peroxisome produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product of its normal function. -To neutralize this potentially toxic compound, a peroxisome imports the hydrogen peroxide-metabolizing enzyme catalase, from the cytosol of the cell. Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygenVacuole -- mainly storage or specific functions (contractile vacuole, fat vacuole)-- Plant cells have a CENTRAL VACUOLE - used for storage and help to maintain hydrostatic pressure

Cell Diagram Directions: You will get a picture of a animal or plant cell, label the cell.label as many parts as you can rememberThen look in your book to label the restWrite a 2-5 word description of the function of each part

QOD: CellsWhat parts of the cell are involved with protein production and what role does each part play? Compare and contrast plant and animal cells- use a graphic organizer: (venn, tree map, etc) Plant CellAnimal cellEukaryotePlasma MembraneNucleusRibosomeERMitochondriaChloroplast

Cell wallCytoplasmGolgi ApparatusVacuoleCentriolesFern CellsMuscle CellsHuman Cells1. What does the cell theory state? 2. Explain why cells are so small using the idea surface- area- to- volume ratio.

PlantAnimalTree Map

Double Bubble (like a venn diagram)

Plant CellAnimal CellEukaryoteNucleusMitochondriaMuscle cellsPlasma MembraneRibosomelysosomecentrioleshumansCell wallChloroplastvacuoleFern ERCytoplasmGolgi apparatusPlant CellAnimal CellEukaryoteNucleusMitochondriaMuscle cellsPlasma MembraneRibosomelysosomecentrioleshumansCell wallChloroplastCentral vacuoleFern ERCytoplasmGolgi apparatusWhat parts of the cell are involved with protein production and what role does each part play?

Most of the Endomembrane:NucleolusRough ERGolgiVesiclesFree RibosomeQOD: Proteins in the CellMini Quiz1. What part of the cell produces vesicles for export?

2. What part of the cell makes proteins?

3. What part of the cell produces ATP?

4. What part of the cell transports materials throughout the cytoplasm?

5. What part of the cell has a cis and a trans face? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Z9pqST72is&feature=youtu.be a. ________________

b. ________________

c. _________________

d. _________________

e. _________________

f. __________________f.Pg 81Find the:

a. Nucleolus

b. Centriole

c. Vesicle

d. Smooth ER

e. LysosomePg 81Figure 4.7bBCEABACAADDFigure 4.7bWhat is this structure?Pg 64Figure 4.4What is this structure?Pg 64Terms / Concepts for Show, Don't Tellcell_theorymitochondriachloroplastprokaryoteprotein_synthesiseukaryotenucleuslysosomeribosomeendoplasmic_reticulumcytoskeletongolgi_apparatusenzymemessenger_RNAchromatinphospholipid_bilayerciliaflagellamicroscopeperoxisome

Single Cheek Cell - at different illuminationsFigure 4BLight Microscope1. eyepiece2. body tube 3. fine adjustment knob 4. nosepiece 5. scanning objective6. low power objective 7. high power objective 8. diaphragm 9. light10. coarse adjustment 11. arm 12. stage clip13. base10X8

4X10X40X571398Functionseyepiece (ocular) contains a lens capable of 10X magnificationbody tube-the long tube that holds the eyepiece and connects it to the objectivesfine adjustment knob- brings objects slowly into fine focusnosepiece rotates to change from one lense to anotherscanning objective - contains a lens capable of 4X magnificationlow power objective -- contains a lens capable of 10X magnification high power objective contains a lens capable of 40X magnificationdiaphragm- controls the amount of light light directs light into the scope.coarse adjustment knob brings objects into rapid focus- DO NOT use with high power objectivearm-part of the microscope that is held to carry the scope.stage - holds the slidebase - supports the microscope, hold to carry.

Using MicroscopesList the 6 steps to focus the microscope.Place the prepared slide on the stage.Move the slide so the beam of light goes through the middle.Turn the coarse adjustment knob so the stage is all the way at the top.Use the scanning 4X power objective and the coarse adjustment knob, focus down until you see the object.Using the 10X power objective focus again until you see the object.To Focus on high power:Before you turn in the 40X objective: make sure the specimen is in the middle of the field of view. 6. Turn in the 40X objective. Focus only using the fine adjustment knobTurn off light and clean up when finished.

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A good example of how to sketch from your microscope

68Rules for Microscope Drawings

1. All drawings in pencil.use color only when you see a specific color.3. Draw a circle to represent the field of vision.4. Label outside the circle, include magnification and name of what you are looking at.Be neat, label when possible

Magnification = Eyepiece X Lenses10Magnification will always be 40x, 100x, or 400x4x, 10x, or 40x69

Ameba with 40X lensAmeba400X10 X 40 = 400Other Rules! Be very careful they are fragileYou break, you buy (and microscopes are expensive)3. Dont force anything, if the scope is not working, stop and ask for help