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Chapter 4: Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

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Chapter 4: Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions. Advanced Environmental Science. Section 4.1. Evolution produces species diversity. Summary:. artificial selection natural selection adaptation in ecosystems speciation evolution still at work. Artificial Selection. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 4: Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions Advanced Environmental Science
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Page 1: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Chapter 4:

Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Advanced Environmental Science

Page 2: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

EVOLUTION PRODUCES SPECIES DIVERSITYSection 4.1

Page 3: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Summary:

• artificial selection• natural selection• adaptation in ecosystems• speciation• evolution still at work

Page 4: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Artificial Selection

Page 5: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Artificial Selection

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Natural Selection

adaptation:the acquisition of traits that allow a species to survive in its environment

natural selection:the process of better-selected individuals passing their traits on to the next generations

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selection pressures:factors in the environment that favor successful reproduction of individuals possessing heritable traits and that reduce viability/fertility of individuals not possessing those traits

(examples…)

Page 8: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

critical factor:the single factor in shortest supply relative to demand

tolerance limits:minimum and maximum levels for each environmental factor

Page 9: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Adaptation in Ecosystems

habitat vs. niche

Page 10: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

competitive exclusion principle:no two species can occupy the same niche for long (the more successful will exclude the other)

resource partitioning:allows several species to utilize the same resource and coexist (examples…)

Page 11: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions
Page 12: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Speciation

speciation:development of new species

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allopatric speciation:geographic barriers cause reproductive isolation

sympatric speciation:biological or behavioral barriers cause reproductive isolation

(once isolation occurs species diverge genetically)

Page 14: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Evolution is still at work…

• Galapagos island finches

• pesticide resistant insects• drug-resistant pathogens

Page 15: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

SPECIES INTERACTIONS SHAPE BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

Section 4.2

Page 16: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Competition

intraspecific

interspecific

Page 17: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Predation

• Predator-prey relationships exert selection pressures that favor evolutionary adaptation.

• Predators become more efficient at searching and feeding, and prey become more effective at escape and avoidance.

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coevolution:species exert selective pressures on each other and gradually change as a result

Page 19: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions
Page 20: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions
Page 21: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Predator Avoidance

Batesian mimicry:species that are harmless resemble poisonous or distasteful ones

Müllerian mimicry:two unpalatable or dangerous species look alike

Page 22: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Batesian mimicry

Page 23: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Symbiosis

mutualism

Page 24: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Symbiosis

commensalism

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Symbiosis

parasitism

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keystone species:a species that plays a critical role in a biological community that is out of proportion to its abundance

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COMMUNITY PROPERTIES AFFECT SPECIES POPULATIONS

Section 4.3

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primary productivity:rate of biomass production

abundance:total number of organisms in a community

diversity:number of different species, niches, or genetic variation present in a community

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complexity:the number of species at each trophic level and the number of trophic levels in a community

Page 30: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Stability and Resiliency in Ecosystems

constancy:lack of fluctuations in composition or functions

inertia:resistance to perturbations

renewal:ability to repair damage after disturbance

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edge effects:changes encountered at the boundary between two ecosystems

ecotone:a boundary between two types of biological community

*interior area is significant*

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COMMUNITIES ARE DYNAMIC AND CHANGE OVER TIME

Section 4.4

Page 33: Chapter 4:   Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Ecological Succession

primary succession:succession that occurs in an area where no community existed before

secondary succession:succession that occurs in an area where the existing community is disturbed

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pioneer species:the first species to colonize a new area

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climax community:the community that develops last and stays the longest

• represents the maximum complexity and stability possible

• depends on climate and soil

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disturbance:any force that disrupts the established patterns of species diversity and abundance, community structure or community properties

disturbance-adapted species:species that depend on disturbances to succeed

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