Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Biology. The Essential Building Blocks of Life Just like water is a...

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Fundamentals of BiologyFundamentals of Biology

The Essential Building Blocks The Essential Building Blocks of Lifeof Life

• Just like water is a molecule, there are Just like water is a molecule, there are other molecules important to life.other molecules important to life.

• Four organic (contain carbon, hydrogen Four organic (contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) molecules make up living and oxygen) molecules make up living organisms:organisms:1.1.

2.2.

3.3.

4.4.


• Carbohydrates:Carbohydrates:– Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen at a 1:2:1 Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen at a 1:2:1

ratio (example: glucose is Cratio (example: glucose is C66hh1212OO66).).

– Most carbohydrates are used for ____ for Most carbohydrates are used for ____ for organisms.organisms.

– Some are used to store energy to be used later Some are used to store energy to be used later (like _____ found in plants and some algae).(like _____ found in plants and some algae).

– Some are used in structure such as ____ found in Some are used in structure such as ____ found in the exoskeletons of some animals (like crabs, the exoskeletons of some animals (like crabs, lobsters and shrimp) or ____ found in plant cell lobsters and shrimp) or ____ found in plant cell walls. walls.


• Proteins:Proteins:– Composed of smaller units known as ____Composed of smaller units known as ____– ____ are specialized proteins necessary for ____ are specialized proteins necessary for

chemical reactions in an organismchemical reactions in an organism– Some proteins are ____ that act as chemical Some proteins are ____ that act as chemical

messengers within an organismmessengers within an organism– Others can be used in structure, immunity, Others can be used in structure, immunity,

and internal transport among other dutiesand internal transport among other duties

The Essential Building Blocks The Essential Building Blocks of Lifeof Life• Lipids:Lipids:

– Lipids are mainly hydrophobic (____) Lipids are mainly hydrophobic (____) – – remember the saying that oil and water don’t remember the saying that oil and water don’t mix.mix.

– Due to this principle, many marine organisms Due to this principle, many marine organisms use a coating of lipid to cover fur or feathers use a coating of lipid to cover fur or feathers which provides an insulating layer.which provides an insulating layer.

– Some also have a layer of ____ underneath the Some also have a layer of ____ underneath the skin for insulation.skin for insulation.

– Many lipids are used for _____ storage within an Many lipids are used for _____ storage within an organism.organism.

– They can also be used for internal structure or as They can also be used for internal structure or as hormones.hormones.


• Nucleic Acids:Nucleic Acids:– Made of smaller units called _____.Made of smaller units called _____.– ____ and ___ are nucleic acids.____ and ___ are nucleic acids.– DNA is the molecule of heredity; it DNA is the molecule of heredity; it

provides the instructions for making provides the instructions for making every part of an organism. Parts are every part of an organism. Parts are made of ____ made of ____

– RNA helps with this duty in multiple ways.RNA helps with this duty in multiple ways.

Energy and LifeEnergy and Life

• Many organisms use sunlight to drive the Many organisms use sunlight to drive the process of photosynthesis.process of photosynthesis.

• In photosynthesis, plants, algae and other In photosynthesis, plants, algae and other autotrophs use pigments to capture the autotrophs use pigments to capture the energy in sunlight.energy in sunlight.

• This energy is used to build carbohydrates.This energy is used to build carbohydrates.

What is basic chemical reaction for What is basic chemical reaction for photosyntheis?photosyntheis?


• Whether an organism makes their own Whether an organism makes their own carbohydrates (____trophs) or gets carbohydrates (____trophs) or gets carbohydrates by eating other organisms carbohydrates by eating other organisms (____trophs), they still must break down the (____trophs), they still must break down the carbohydrates within their cells for energy.carbohydrates within their cells for energy.

• This process is known as cellular respiration.This process is known as cellular respiration.

What is the basic chemical reaction for cellular What is the basic chemical reaction for cellular respiration?respiration?


• Some of the carbohydrates made by Some of the carbohydrates made by photosynthetic organisms are photosynthetic organisms are converted into other types of converted into other types of molecules such as:molecules such as:– ProteinsProteins– LipidsLipids– Nucleic acidsNucleic acids


• When these autotrophs make more When these autotrophs make more energy than they can use, the excess energy than they can use, the excess is called primary productionis called primary production

• Organisms responsible for this Organisms responsible for this primary production are called primary production are called primary producersprimary producers

• Marine organisms are a major source Marine organisms are a major source of worldwide primary productionof worldwide primary production


• Marine organisms require nutrients Marine organisms require nutrients to convert carbohydrates to other to convert carbohydrates to other types of moleculestypes of molecules

• These nutrients can include minerals, These nutrients can include minerals, vitamins and even raw elementsvitamins and even raw elements

• Ex: silica is required to make the Ex: silica is required to make the shell of some organismsshell of some organisms

Types of OrganismsTypes of Organisms

• All living organisms can be divided All living organisms can be divided into two basic groups based on into two basic groups based on cellular composition:cellular composition:

1.1. Pro____Pro____

2. 2.


• Prokaryotic Organisms:Prokaryotic Organisms:– Lack a ____Lack a ____– Posses ribosomesPosses ribosomes– Contain a circular ring of ____Contain a circular ring of ____– Some may also have plasmids, extra pieces Some may also have plasmids, extra pieces

of DNAof DNA– Cell wall is normally presentCell wall is normally present– May have a flagellumMay have a flagellum– UnicellularUnicellular


• Eukaryotic OrganismsEukaryotic Organisms– Possess DNA enclosed inside a _____Possess DNA enclosed inside a _____– Posses many specialized organelles Posses many specialized organelles

(look at organelles in Fig. 4.8)(look at organelles in Fig. 4.8)– Eukaryotic organisms can be unicellular Eukaryotic organisms can be unicellular

or multicellularor multicellular

Example Organelles in Example Organelles in Eukaryotic OrganismsEukaryotic Organisms

• MitochondriaMitochondria- site of ____- site of ____• Golgi complexGolgi complex and and endoplasmic reticulumendoplasmic reticulum- -

manufacture, package and transport manufacture, package and transport cellular products such as ____cellular products such as ____

• RibosomesRibosomes- manufacture ____- manufacture ____• ChloroplastsChloroplasts- site of ____- site of ____• VacuoleVacuole- storage of water and nutrients- storage of water and nutrients• CentriolesCentrioles- assist in movement of ____ - assist in movement of ____

during cellular reproductionduring cellular reproduction

Levels of Organization in Living Levels of Organization in Living OrganismsOrganisms

• Atom – fundamental unit of all matterAtom – fundamental unit of all matter

• ____ – two or more atoms chemically ____ – two or more atoms chemically joined togetherjoined together


• Organelle – specialized features of Organelle – specialized features of cellscells

• Cell – basic unit of lifeCell – basic unit of life


• ____ – group of cells functioning as a ____ – group of cells functioning as a unitunit

• ____ – many tissues arranged into a ____ – many tissues arranged into a structure with a specific purpose in an structure with a specific purpose in an organismorganism


• ____ – group of organs that work ____ – group of organs that work togethertogether

• Whole organism (individual)Whole organism (individual)


• ____ – group of organisms of the ____ – group of organisms of the same species occurring in same same species occurring in same habitathabitat


• ____ – all species that exist in a ____ – all species that exist in a particular habitat (ex: all the particular habitat (ex: all the organisms on a coral reef)organisms on a coral reef)

• ____ – combination of the community ____ – combination of the community and the physical environmentand the physical environment

Diffusion and OsmosisDiffusion and Osmosis

• Solutes (substances dissolved in water) Solutes (substances dissolved in water) will move from areas where they are will move from areas where they are more concentrated to an area where more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated is called ____they are less concentrated is called ____

• Movement of water from an area where Movement of water from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated is called ____it is less concentrated is called ____

Diffusion and OsmosisDiffusion and Osmosis

• Since marine organisms live in a very Since marine organisms live in a very solute-rich environment, they have a solute-rich environment, they have a tendency to gain solutes and lose watertendency to gain solutes and lose water

• This can result in the death of cells if This can result in the death of cells if the water loss/solute gain is significantthe water loss/solute gain is significant

• These organisms must find ways to deal These organisms must find ways to deal with this diffusion and osmosiswith this diffusion and osmosis

Regulation of Solute/Water Regulation of Solute/Water BalanceBalance

• Osmoconformers-Osmoconformers-– Do not attempt to control solute/water Do not attempt to control solute/water

balancebalance– Their internal concentration varies as Their internal concentration varies as

the salinity in the water around them the salinity in the water around them changeschanges

– Most can only tolerate a very narrow Most can only tolerate a very narrow range of salinityrange of salinity

Regulation of Solute/Water Regulation of Solute/Water BalanceBalance

• OsmoregulatorsOsmoregulators– These organisms control their internal These organisms control their internal

concentrationsconcentrations– Can generally tolerate a wider range of Can generally tolerate a wider range of

salinities than osmoconformerssalinities than osmoconformers– This can be done in a variety of ways This can be done in a variety of ways

such as secreting very little urine or such as secreting very little urine or using specialized glands to secrete salts using specialized glands to secrete salts as examples as examples

-marine fish drink sea water and secrete as little urine as possible; whereas freshwater fish refrain from drinking water and secrete large amounts of dilute urine

Temperature ControlTemperature Control

Modes of ReproductionModes of Reproduction

• Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction– Does not involve mating of two individualsDoes not involve mating of two individuals– Young are produce by a ____ parent Young are produce by a ____ parent

organismorganism– The young produced are genetically ____ to The young produced are genetically ____ to

the parentthe parent– Examples of single-celled organisms: Examples of single-celled organisms:

Binary fission in bacteria and mitosis in Binary fission in bacteria and mitosis in algaealgae

Mitosis in a dinoflagellate


• Examples of Asexual Reproduction in Examples of Asexual Reproduction in multicellular organisms:multicellular organisms:– BuddingBudding – the organism develops buds (small – the organism develops buds (small

clones) that eventually break off and become clones) that eventually break off and become another organism Ex. Mushroom coralanother organism Ex. Mushroom coral

– Vegetative reproductionVegetative reproduction – a plant reproduces – a plant reproduces new individuals by sending an underground new individuals by sending an underground stem (rhizome) from which new plants will stem (rhizome) from which new plants will sprout Ex. Seagrasssprout Ex. Seagrass

Mushroom coral Seagrass


• Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction– Normally involves ____ individualsNormally involves ____ individuals– Hermaphrodites – individuals that have both Hermaphrodites – individuals that have both

male and female reproductive tissuesmale and female reproductive tissues– Parent individuals produce gametes (eggs Parent individuals produce gametes (eggs

or sperm) that unite to produce a new, or sperm) that unite to produce a new, genetically unique individualgenetically unique individual

– ____ are the organs that produce eggs____ are the organs that produce eggs– ____ are the organs that produce sperm____ are the organs that produce sperm


• Many marine organisms release their eggs Many marine organisms release their eggs and sperm directly into the water, this is and sperm directly into the water, this is known as known as broadcast spawningbroadcast spawning..

• For broadcast spawning to be effective, For broadcast spawning to be effective, millions of gametes must be released into millions of gametes must be released into the water at roughly the same time to the water at roughly the same time to ensure fertilization will occurensure fertilization will occur

• Many broadcast spawning species time the Many broadcast spawning species time the release of their eggs to tides, moon phase, release of their eggs to tides, moon phase, water temperature, etc. to ensure successwater temperature, etc. to ensure success


• Other marine organisms rely on Other marine organisms rely on internal fertilizationinternal fertilization, where a , where a copulatory organ is used to insert copulatory organ is used to insert sperm directly into the female’s sperm directly into the female’s reproductive tractreproductive tract

• This method requires contact This method requires contact between parent individuals, but less between parent individuals, but less gametes are required for successgametes are required for success

Evolution and Natural Evolution and Natural SelectionSelection

• ____ is defined as a change in the ____ is defined as a change in the genetic make-up of a population over genetic make-up of a population over timetime

• In the wild, any genetically derived In the wild, any genetically derived traits (such as faster swimming or traits (such as faster swimming or above-average intelligence) can give above-average intelligence) can give one individual survival advantage one individual survival advantage over others in his/her population.over others in his/her population.

Evolution and Natural Evolution and Natural SelectionSelection• These advantages can be translated into These advantages can be translated into

reproductive advantage as well.reproductive advantage as well.

• If one organism is better survivor, more of If one organism is better survivor, more of their gametes will make it into the next their gametes will make it into the next generation in a population.generation in a population.

• Those individuals that are less advantaged Those individuals that are less advantaged may not survive to reproduce or will may not survive to reproduce or will reproduce less.reproduce less.

• This is known as ____.This is known as ____.

Evolution and Natural Evolution and Natural SelectionSelection

• Natural selection therefore Natural selection therefore strengthens the gene pool of a strengthens the gene pool of a species by ____ less advantageous species by ____ less advantageous traits through lack (or reduction) of traits through lack (or reduction) of reproductive events in these reproductive events in these individuals.individuals.

TaxonomyTaxonomy

• Taxonomy is the science of Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming organisms.classifying and naming organisms.

• This classification is done by a This classification is done by a variety of methods including DNA variety of methods including DNA and protein analysis, comparing and protein analysis, comparing embryos, looking at the fossil record embryos, looking at the fossil record and comparing internal and external and comparing internal and external body structures.body structures.

TaxonomyTaxonomy

• Taxonomy uses several levels of Taxonomy uses several levels of classification shown below from the classification shown below from the largest (most species inclusive) to largest (most species inclusive) to the smallest (only one species):the smallest (only one species):

• Domain Domain ___ ___ Phylum Phylum ____ ____ Order Order Family Family ____ ____ Species Species

TaxonomyTaxonomy

• There can be millions of different organisms in There can be millions of different organisms in a domain or kingdom, while a species by a domain or kingdom, while a species by definition is just one type of organism.definition is just one type of organism.

• So, what defines a species? Common So, what defines a species? Common characteristics and often the ability to breed characteristics and often the ability to breed successfully with other members of their successfully with other members of their species (____ species concept) species (____ species concept)

• For example, there are 7 species of flounder For example, there are 7 species of flounder (fish) that exist in the southeast U.S. No matter (fish) that exist in the southeast U.S. No matter how much they look alike, they cannot breed how much they look alike, they cannot breed with each other and produce viable with each other and produce viable (functionally reproductive) offspring (functionally reproductive) offspring (reproductive isolation).(reproductive isolation).

PhylogeneticsPhylogenetics

• Phylogenetics is defined as the study of Phylogenetics is defined as the study of evolutionary relationships (relatedness) in evolutionary relationships (relatedness) in organisms. organisms.

• Biologists may use many factors to Biologists may use many factors to determine the relatedness of organisms determine the relatedness of organisms such as structure, reproductive patterns, such as structure, reproductive patterns, embryological or larval development, embryological or larval development, fossils, behavior or DNA/RNA. fossils, behavior or DNA/RNA.

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Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Biology. The Essential Building Blocks of Life Just like water is a...

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