Chapter 4 Chapter 4 India and China India and China
Transcript
Slide 1
Chapter 4 India and China
Slide 2
Section 1 Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism and Buddhism
Slide 3
The Beliefs of Hinduism It has no single founder and no single
sacred text It has no single founder and no single sacred text Due
to that, it has become very complex with countless Gods and
Goddesses Due to that, it has become very complex with countless
Gods and Goddesses However all Hindus share certain basic beliefs
However all Hindus share certain basic beliefs
Slide 4
The Beliefs of Hinduism (cont) Many Gods- or One? Many Gods- or
One? The universe is part of the unchanging, all powerful spiritual
force called Brahman The universe is part of the unchanging, all
powerful spiritual force called Brahman Most important Gods are:
Most important Gods are: Brahma Creator Brahma Creator Vishnu
Preserver Vishnu Preserver Shiva Destroyer Shiva Destroyer Each
represents parts of Brahman Each represents parts of Brahman Sacred
Texts Sacred Texts Hindu teachings recorded in Vedas and Upanishads
Hindu teachings recorded in Vedas and Upanishads Specifically the
Bhagavad-Gita Specifically the Bhagavad-Gita
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The Beliefs of Hinduism (cont) The Goal of Life The Goal of
Life Everyone has an essential self, or Atman Everyone has an
essential self, or Atman Ultimately desire Moksha Ultimately desire
Moksha Union with Brahman Union with Brahman Achieved by discarding
selfish desires Achieved by discarding selfish desires Believe in
reincarnation Believe in reincarnation Rebirth of the soul in
another form Rebirth of the soul in another form Allows people to
work towards moksha Allows people to work towards moksha
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The Beliefs of Hinduism (cont) Karma and Dharma Karma and
Dharma Must obey the law of Karma Must obey the law of Karma All
the actions a persons life that affect his or her fate in the next
life All the actions a persons life that affect his or her fate in
the next life Live virtuously and earn higher level of existence
Live virtuously and earn higher level of existence Live selfishly
and earn suffering Live selfishly and earn suffering They stress
Dharma They stress Dharma The religious and moral duties of an
individual The religious and moral duties of an individual Obey
Dharma, a person acquires merit for the next life Obey Dharma, a
person acquires merit for the next life
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The Beliefs of Hinduism (cont) Also believe in Ahimsa Also
believe in Ahimsa Nonviolence Nonviolence Opposition to the
Brahmins Opposition to the Brahmins Emphasized meditation,
self-denial, and an extreme form of ahimsa Emphasized meditation,
self-denial, and an extreme form of ahimsa
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Gautama Buddha: The Enlightened One Foothill of Himalayas,
Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism Foothill of Himalayas,
Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism Early Life Early Life Signs
predicted that Gautama would become a wandering holy man Signs
predicted that Gautama would become a wandering holy man Gautama
was in the high caste system Gautama was in the high caste system
The Search The Search When he discovered misery, he left home to
seek the cure to misery When he discovered misery, he left home to
seek the cure to misery Sought Hindu wisdom, but found no answer
Sought Hindu wisdom, but found no answer He sat and meditated for
48 days, until he understood the cure He sat and meditated for 48
days, until he understood the cure He arose and became Buddha,
Enlightened One He arose and became Buddha, Enlightened One
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Followers accompanied the Buddha as he preached across Northern
India. Some Buddhists set up monasteries and convents that grew
into centers of learning. Missionaries and traders spread Buddhism
across India to many parts of Asia. Spread of Buddhism 1
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Gautama Buddha: The Enlightened One (cont) Four Noble Truths
Four Noble Truths All life is full of suffering, pain and sorrow
All life is full of suffering, pain and sorrow The Cause of
suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such
as riches, power, and long life The Cause of suffering is the
desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power,
and long life The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire The
only cure for suffering is to overcome desire The way to overcome
desire is to follow the Eightfold Path The way to overcome desire
is to follow the Eightfold Path The Eightfold Path being right
views, right aspirations, Right speech, right conduct, right
livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right
contemplation. The Eightfold Path being right views, right
aspirations, Right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right
effort, right mindfulness, and right contemplation. Final Goal is
Nirvana Final Goal is Nirvana Union with the universe and release
from the cycle of rebirth Union with the universe and release from
the cycle of rebirth
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Gautama Buddha: The Enlightened One (cont) Buddhism and
Hinduism Compared Buddhism and Hinduism Compared Both stress
nonviolence, believed in Karma, Dharma, Moksha, and a cycle of
rebirth Both stress nonviolence, believed in Karma, Dharma, Moksha,
and a cycle of rebirth Buddha rejects priests, formal rituals and
many gods of Hinduism Buddha rejects priests, formal rituals and
many gods of Hinduism
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Spread of Buddhism Work out your own salvation with diligence
Buddha Work out your own salvation with diligence Buddha Sacred
Text Sacred Text Tripitaka Tripitaka Three Baskets of Wisdom Three
Baskets of Wisdom Overcome anger by not growing angry. Overcome
evil with good. Overcome the liar by truth Overcome anger by not
growing angry. Overcome evil with good. Overcome the liar by
truth
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Spread of Buddhism (cont) Two Sects Two Sects Split into two
major sects Split into two major sects Smaller groups Smaller
groups Theravada Theravada Strict Buddha followers that believed
only monks and nuns could reach nirvana Strict Buddha followers
that believed only monks and nuns could reach nirvana Mahayana
Mahayana Easier for ordinary people to reach nirvana Easier for
ordinary people to reach nirvana Saw Buddha and others Gods as
compassionate and more personal Saw Buddha and others Gods as
compassionate and more personal Described many heavens and hells
Described many heavens and hells Decline in India Decline in India
Hinduism ultimately absorbed some Buddhist ideas Hinduism
ultimately absorbed some Buddhist ideas Buddhism generally driven
out of India Buddhism generally driven out of India
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Section 2 Powerful Empires of India Powerful Empires of
India
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The Maurya Empire Rival Rajahs fought over control of Ganges
Valley Rival Rajahs fought over control of Ganges Valley
Chandragupta Chandragupta Chandragupta Maurya forged the first
great Indian Empire Chandragupta Maurya forged the first great
Indian Empire After conquering the Ganges Valley, he conquered
north India After conquering the Ganges Valley, he conquered north
India He had a well organized bureaucracy He had a well organized
bureaucracy taxes, managed state owned factories and shipyards
taxes, managed state owned factories and shipyards Effective
government, but harsh Effective government, but harsh crack down on
dissent crack down on dissent any differing or opposing ideas any
differing or opposing ideas
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The Maurya Empire (cont) Asoka Asoka Most honored Maurya
emperor Most honored Maurya emperor Conquered much of the Deccan
Plateau Conquered much of the Deccan Plateau Converted to Buddhism
Converted to Buddhism rejected violence, and resolved to rule by
moral example rejected violence, and resolved to rule by moral
example Sent missionaries to Sri Lanka Sent missionaries to Sri
Lanka People sent on a religious mission People sent on a religious
mission Helped spread Buddhism to Asia Helped spread Buddhism to
Asia preached tolerance preached tolerance Built temples, roads,
hospitals, rest houses for travelers Built temples, roads,
hospitals, rest houses for travelers
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The Maurya Empire (cont) Division and Disunity Division and
Disunity After Asokas death Maurya power declined by 185 B.C. After
Asokas death Maurya power declined by 185 B.C. Ancient times, as
today, people are divided culturally in the south and the north
Ancient times, as today, people are divided culturally in the south
and the north Often the north was conquered by foreigners Often the
north was conquered by foreigners
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Kingdoms of the Deccan People of the Deccan were Dravidians
with different languages and traditions People of the Deccan were
Dravidians with different languages and traditions For example,
women had high status and economic power For example, women had
high status and economic power Religiously tolerant Religiously
tolerant Trade was very important Trade was very important Improved
harbors to support overseas trade Improved harbors to support
overseas trade Especially to the Roman Empire Especially to the
Roman Empire
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Golden Age of the Guptas Arose out of the north of India Arose
out of the north of India Gupta emperors had a strong central
government that promoted peace and prosperity Gupta emperors had a
strong central government that promoted peace and prosperity Golden
age between 320-550 A.D. Golden age between 320-550 A.D. period of
great cultural achievements period of great cultural achievements
Peace and Prosperity Peace and Prosperity Generally a confederate
style government Generally a confederate style government locals
having most power locals having most power Trade and Farming very
bountiful Trade and Farming very bountiful Exported to East Africa,
Middle East and Southeast Asia Exported to East Africa, Middle East
and Southeast Asia
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Golden Age of the Guptas (cont) Advances in Learning Advances
in Learning Students educated in religious schools Students
educated in religious schools including math, medicine, physics,
languages, literatures, and other subjects including math,
medicine, physics, languages, literatures, and other subjects
Created numerals Created numerals including zero, decimal system of
numbers based on 10 including zero, decimal system of numbers based
on 10 Architecture Architecture Hindus built stone temples Hindus
built stone temples Buddhist built stupas Buddhist built stupas
large dome-shaped shrines that housed the sacred remains of the
Buddha or other holy people large dome-shaped shrines that housed
the sacred remains of the Buddha or other holy people
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Golden Age of the Guptas (cont) Magnificent Carvings
Magnificent Carvings Both temples and stupas, were covered in
magnificent carvings of gods and goddesses Both temples and stupas,
were covered in magnificent carvings of gods and goddesses
including Shiva, who is a four-armed God including Shiva, who is a
four-armed God Paintings at Ajanta Paintings at Ajanta Murals
painted recalling Buddhist stories and legends Murals painted
recalling Buddhist stories and legends wall paintings wall
paintings Literature Literature Greatest Gupta poet and playwright
was Kalidasa Greatest Gupta poet and playwright was Kalidasa
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Looking Ahead Eventually Gupta India declines under the
pressure of weak rulers, civil war, and foreign invaders.
Eventually Gupta India declines under the pressure of weak rulers,
civil war, and foreign invaders. One group of invaders is the White
Huns from Central Asia One group of invaders is the White Huns from
Central Asia
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Section 3 Pillars of Indian Life Pillars of Indian Life
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The Complex Caste System It is better to do ones own duty badly
than to do anothers duty well. Krishna from the Bhagavad-Gita It is
better to do ones own duty badly than to do anothers duty well.
Krishna from the Bhagavad-Gita Many Castes Many Castes As new
groups of invaders were absorbed into society, new caste systems
were created As new groups of invaders were absorbed into society,
new caste systems were created
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The Complex Caste System (cont) Complex Rules Complex Rules
Closely linked to Hindu beliefs Closely linked to Hindu beliefs
Brahmins were pure and therefore closer to Moksha than lower class
individuals Brahmins were pure and therefore closer to Moksha than
lower class individuals Rules and dictations, regulated what,
where, when individuals in the each caste system could do Rules and
dictations, regulated what, where, when individuals in the each
caste system could do Lowest outcastes were called Untouchables
Lowest outcastes were called Untouchables impure jobs such as
digging graves, cleaning streets, or turning animal hides into
leather impure jobs such as digging graves, cleaning streets, or
turning animal hides into leather Upper classes avoided contact
with untouchables Upper classes avoided contact with
untouchables
Slide 26
The Complex Caste System (cont) Effects Effects Caste system
ensured a stable social order Caste system ensured a stable social
order Karma determined their caste Karma determined their caste By
doing their current duties, the could be re- birthed into a better
caste system By doing their current duties, the could be re-
birthed into a better caste system Caste levels depended on each
other, as only certain jobs were done in each caste Caste levels
depended on each other, as only certain jobs were done in each
caste
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Family Life Structure Structure Ideal Family was a joint family
Ideal Family was a joint family parents, children, grandchildren,
uncles, and their offspring shared a common dwelling parents,
children, grandchildren, uncles, and their offspring shared a
common dwelling Patriarchal society Patriarchal society father or
oldest male headed the household father or oldest male headed the
household prosperity belonged to the whole family prosperity
belonged to the whole family
Slide 28
Family Life (cont) Children and Parents Children and Parents
Learned early their caste rules and duties Learned early their
caste rules and duties Son learned the ritual duties of the males
Son learned the ritual duties of the males Daughters to serve and
obey husband Daughters to serve and obey husband Parents duty was
arranging good marriages based on caste and family interests
Parents duty was arranging good marriages based on caste and family
interests brides father offered dowry brides father offered dowry
payment to the bridegroom payment to the bridegroom financed the
costly wedding festivities financed the costly wedding festivities
Daughter would leave family for husbands family Daughter would
leave family for husbands family
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Family Life (cont) Womens Lives Womens Lives Generally had
freedom to wonder freely Generally had freedom to wonder freely
However through the years, the women began to be restricted However
through the years, the women began to be restricted Primary duty to
marry, have kids and raise them Primary duty to marry, have kids
and raise them However, few rights otherwise However, few rights
otherwise High Caste widows were not allowed to remarry High Caste
widows were not allowed to remarry
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Village Life Villages were filled with each level of the caste
system Villages were filled with each level of the caste system
Doing the duties necessary for the village to survive Doing the
duties necessary for the village to survive Feudal system in terms
of farms Feudal system in terms of farms Generally self-sufficient
Generally self-sufficient However there was periodic communication
between villages However there was periodic communication between
villages
Slide 31
Section 4 Philosophy and Religion in China Philosophy and
Religion in China
Slide 32
The Wisdom of Confucius Lead the people by virtue and they will
have a sense of shame and moreover will become good. Lead the
people by virtue and they will have a sense of shame and moreover
will become good. Confucius is the western version of the name Kong
Fuzi, or Master Kong Confucius is the western version of the name
Kong Fuzi, or Master Kong Born in 551 B.C. to a noble but poor
family Born in 551 B.C. to a noble but poor family Became a teacher
Became a teacher Much like Gautama Buddha in India and Socrates in
Greece, he did not formally write down his sayings Much like
Gautama Buddha in India and Socrates in Greece, he did not formally
write down his sayings However his students collected them into the
Analects However his students collected them into the Analects He
cared very little for religion and Salvation He cared very little
for religion and Salvation He developed a philosophy concerned with
worldly goals, specifically social order and a good government He
developed a philosophy concerned with worldly goals, specifically
social order and a good government System of ideas System of
ideas
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The Wisdom of Confucius (cont) Five Relationships Five
Relationships Harmony resulted when people accepted their positions
in life Harmony resulted when people accepted their positions in
life father to son father to son elder brother to younger brother
elder brother to younger brother husband to wife husband to wife
ruler to subject ruler to subject friend to friend friend to friend
Superiors should care for their inferiors Superiors should care for
their inferiors Correct Behavior would bring order and stability
Correct Behavior would bring order and stability Filial piety
Filial piety respect for parents, above all other duties respect
for parents, above all other duties
Slide 34
The Wisdom of Confucius (cont) Government Government Ruler must
provide a good government Ruler must provide a good government
specifically by good example specifically by good example Spread of
Confucianism Spread of Confucianism His ideas greatly influenced
Chinese rulers, especially filial piety His ideas greatly
influenced Chinese rulers, especially filial piety Spread to Korea,
Japan and Vietnam, as they were taken over by the Chinese
Civilizations Spread to Korea, Japan and Vietnam, as they were
taken over by the Chinese Civilizations
Slide 35
The Harsh Ideas of Legalism Philosopher Hanfeizi stressed that
rulers impose strict rules to control human greed, the greatest
evil Philosopher Hanfeizi stressed that rulers impose strict rules
to control human greed, the greatest evil Became known as legalism
Became known as legalism Influences Chinese ideas that people are
required to work on government projects and punish those who shirk
their duties Influences Chinese ideas that people are required to
work on government projects and punish those who shirk their
duties
Slide 36
Daoism: The Unspoken Way Founder of Daoism was Laozi, or Old
Master Founder of Daoism was Laozi, or Old Master Wrote the book
The Way of Virtue Wrote the book The Way of Virtue Sought to live
in harmony with nature Sought to live in harmony with nature
Seeking They Way Seeking They Way Focus on Dao or The Way of the
universe Focus on Dao or The Way of the universe Stress the virtue
of yielding Stress the virtue of yielding water the example most
often used water the example most often used
Slide 37
Daoism: The Unspoken Way (cont) Government Government Viewed
government as unnatural, there the cause of many problems Viewed
government as unnatural, there the cause of many problems Best
government governs the least Best government governs the least A
Blend of Ideas A Blend of Ideas Evolved into a religion involving
many gods, goddesses, and magical practices Evolved into a religion
involving many gods, goddesses, and magical practices Eventually
Confucianism and Daoism were combined by many Eventually
Confucianism and Daoism were combined by many Confucianism showed
them how to behave Confucianism showed them how to behave Daoism
influenced their view of the natural world Daoism influenced their
view of the natural world
Slide 38
Buddhism in China By 100 A.D. Buddhist missionaries had spread
Mahayana Buddhism from India into China By 100 A.D. Buddhist
missionaries had spread Mahayana Buddhism from India into China
Became very popular, despite conflict with cultural view of family
Became very popular, despite conflict with cultural view of family
Offered escape from suffering Offered escape from suffering Offered
hope of eternal happiness and presented Buddha as a compassionate,
merciful God Offered hope of eternal happiness and presented Buddha
as a compassionate, merciful God Through prayer, good works and
devotion, anyone could hope to gain salvation Through prayer, good
works and devotion, anyone could hope to gain salvation
Slide 39
Buddhism in China (cont) By 400 A.D. Buddhism a prominent
religion, while absorbing some ideas form Confucianism and Daoism
By 400 A.D. Buddhism a prominent religion, while absorbing some
ideas form Confucianism and Daoism Chinese Buddhist monks stressed
filial piety and honored Confucius Chinese Buddhist monks stressed
filial piety and honored Confucius
Slide 40
Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China Strong Rulers Unite
China
Slide 41
Shi Huangdi Zeng rose to power and proclaimed himself Shi
Huangdi or First Emperor Zeng rose to power and proclaimed himself
Shi Huangdi or First Emperor Using rewards for merit and
punishments for failure, he built the strong authoritarian
government of the Qin Dynasty Using rewards for merit and
punishments for failure, he built the strong authoritarian
government of the Qin Dynasty Became known as the Classical Age
Became known as the Classical Age Patterns that are evident
throughout Chinese history Patterns that are evident throughout
Chinese history
Slide 42
Shi Huangdi (cont) Unity Imposed Unity Imposed Emperor
abolished feudalism in China Emperor abolished feudalism in China
replaced it with military districts and appointed loyal officials
to administer them replaced it with military districts and
appointed loyal officials to administer them Then sent spies to
report back to emperor about the officials actions Then sent spies
to report back to emperor about the officials actions High taxes
paid to support armies and building projects High taxes paid to
support armies and building projects Standardized weights and
measures Standardized weights and measures created common coinage
created common coinage extended roads and canals extended roads and
canals had scholars create uniformity in Chinese writing had
scholars create uniformity in Chinese writing
Slide 43
Shi Huangdi (cont) Crackdown on Dissent Crackdown on Dissent He
jailed, tortured, and killed many who opposed his rule He jailed,
tortured, and killed many who opposed his rule destroyed all the
works of literature and philosophy destroyed all the works of
literature and philosophy The Great Wall The Great Wall Shi
Huangdis most remarkable achievement Shi Huangdis most remarkable
achievement Built it to unite many walls already in place Built it
to unite many walls already in place over the centuries the wall
was extended over the centuries the wall was extended Became a very
important symbol to the Chinese Became a very important symbol to
the Chinese protecting their civilized world from the nomadic bands
from the north protecting their civilized world from the nomadic
bands from the north
Slide 44
Shi Huangdi (cont) Collapse Collapse Anger over heavy taxes,
forced labor, and cruel policies, Chin went into revolts Anger over
heavy taxes, forced labor, and cruel policies, Chin went into
revolts As Qin Power collapsed Liu Bang arose, creating the Han
Dynasty As Qin Power collapsed Liu Bang arose, creating the Han
Dynasty Bang Claimed the Mandate of Heaven Bang Claimed the Mandate
of Heaven
Slide 45
The Han Dynasty Bang took the title of Gao Zu Bang took the
title of Gao Zu Lowered taxes and eased harsh Legalist policies
Lowered taxes and eased harsh Legalist policies Appointed Confucian
scholars as advisers Appointed Confucian scholars as advisers
Lasted for nearly 400 years Lasted for nearly 400 years
Slide 46
The Han Dynasty (cont) Emperor Wudi Emperor Wudi Wudi was the
most famous Han emperor Wudi was the most famous Han emperor Chose
officials from Confucian wisdom and virtue Chose officials from
Confucian wisdom and virtue Improved canals and roads Improved
canals and roads Built granaries in order to help stabilize grain
prices Built granaries in order to help stabilize grain prices
Imposed government monopoly on iron and salt Imposed government
monopoly on iron and salt complete control of a product or business
by one person or group complete control of a product or business by
one person or group Gave government a source of income other than
taxes Gave government a source of income other than taxes Followed
a policy of Expansionism Followed a policy of Expansionism
increasing the amount of territory under Chinese rule increasing
the amount of territory under Chinese rule Took over Manchuria,
Korea, Northern Vietnam, Tibet and Central Asia Took over
Manchuria, Korea, Northern Vietnam, Tibet and Central Asia
Slide 47
The Han Dynasty (cont) Silk Road to the West Silk Road to the
West Wudi opened the trade route that ended up becoming called the
Silk Road Wudi opened the trade route that ended up becoming called
the Silk Road Goods traded from Rome to China, and parts in between
Goods traded from Rome to China, and parts in between Stretched for
nearly 4,000 miles Stretched for nearly 4,000 miles
Scholar-Officials Scholar-Officials Confucianism was the official
belief of the governmental system Confucianism was the official
belief of the governmental system
Slide 48
The Han Dynasty (cont) Civil Service Examination Civil Service
Examination Positions gained by merit as opposed to family
background Positions gained by merit as opposed to family
background setup exams to determine someones capabilities setup
exams to determine someones capabilities Women were closed out of
governmental jobs Women were closed out of governmental jobs
Dynasties rose and fell, but Confucian influence survived Dynasties
rose and fell, but Confucian influence survived Collapse of the Han
Empire Collapse of the Han Empire Court intrigues undermined
emperors who could no long control powerful warlords Court
intrigues undermined emperors who could no long control powerful
warlords local military rulers local military rulers Weak Emperors,
rebellious peasants, and ambitious warlords ended the Han Dynasty
Weak Emperors, rebellious peasants, and ambitious warlords ended
the Han Dynasty
Slide 49
Achievements of the Han Golden Age Science Science Wrote texts
on chemistry, zoology, botany and other subjects Wrote texts on
chemistry, zoology, botany and other subjects Observed stars and
planets Observed stars and planets invented better timekeeping
devices invented better timekeeping devices including a seismograph
including a seismograph Medicine Medicine Acupuncture Acupuncture
doctor inserts needles under the skin at specific points to relieve
pain or treat various illnesses doctor inserts needles under the
skin at specific points to relieve pain or treat various illnesses
Technology Technology Made paper out of wood pulp Made paper out of
wood pulp still used to make paper today still used to make paper
today Shipbuilding Shipbuilding invented rudder to steer invented
rudder to steer The Arts The Arts Temples and Palaces Temples and
Palaces
Slide 50
Looking Ahead The series of governments started during the Han
Dynasty, lasted up until 1912 The series of governments started
during the Han Dynasty, lasted up until 1912 Every new dynasty
sought to recapture the glory of the Han Dynasty Every new dynasty
sought to recapture the glory of the Han Dynasty