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CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Urbanization and R-U HHs’ Average Monthly Expd. Gap
H 3: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban HHs’ average monthly expenditure gap
The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban average monthly expenditure gap over the periods.
2R
RU_BA = 5.20271 + 0.2329958998*U_BARU_CH = 11.2231 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 14.5325 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 8.15186 + 0.2329958998*U_KHRU_RA = 7.43202 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 4.20156 + 0.2329958998*U_SY
Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban HHs Average Monthly Expenditure Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001
= 0.691452 and F-statistic = 3.985
Divisions 1981 1991 2001
Urbanization (%)
R-U expenditure gap (%.)
Urbanization (%)
R-U expenditure gap (%.)
Urbanization (%)
R-U expenditure gap (%.)
Barisal 5.39 11.54 4.45 13.23 14.2 14.52
Chittagong
22.1216.76
21.1918.47
23.720.24
Dhaka 39.77 17.68 42.85 20.23 34.30 21.26
Khulna 12.83 16.28 11.20 17.59 20.0 18.43
Rajshahi 16.24 13.92 16.92 15.21 14.9 16.78
Sylhet 3.64 10 3.36 12.77 12.4 14.03
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Urbanization and R-U HHs’ Average Monthly Savings Gap
H 4: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban HHs’ average monthly savings gap
Regional rural-urban average monthly savings gap does not depend on urbanization over the periods.
2R
RU_BA = 5.5692 + 0.2329958998*U_BARU_CH = 9.2941 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 6.9533 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 8.0514 + 0.2329958998*U_KHRU_RA = 7.4320 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 5.2012 + 0.2329958998*U_SY
Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban HHs Average Monthly Savings Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001
= 0.45512 and F-Statistic = 6.214
Divisions 1981 1991 2001
Urbanization (%)
R-U income gap (%.)
Urbanization (%)
R-U income gap (%.)
Urbanization (%)
R-U income gap (%.)
Barisal 5.39 10.54 4.45 12.28 14.2 13.3
Chittagong 22.12 16.74 21.19 20.0 23.7 21.3
Dhaka 39.77 19.0 42.85 22.92 34.30 22.52
Khulna 12.83 16.68 11.20 17.56 20.0 18.52
Rajshahi 16.24 14.86 16.92 16.04 14.9 17.13
Sylhet 3.64 9.18 3.36 12.54 12.4 13.88
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Urbanization and R-U Per Capita InvestmentGap
H 5: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban per capita investment gap
The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban Per capita investment gap over the periods.
2R
RU_BA = 3.77043+ 0.232996*U_BARU_CH = 16.32418+0.232996*U_CHRU_DH = 24.13570+ 0.232996*U_DHRU_KH = 7.120160.232996*U_KHRU_RA = 6.36710+ 0.232996*U_RARU_SY = 3.65573+ 0.232996*U_SY
Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Per Capita Investment Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001
= 0.7325 and F-Statistic = 3.739
Divisions 1981 1991 2001
Urbanization (%)
Per capita investment gap (in %)
Urbanization (%)
Per capita investment gap (in %)
Urbanization (%)
Per capita investment gap (in %)
Barisal 5.39 9.37 4.45 11.23 14.2 11.43
Chittagong 22.12 11.79 21.19 15.72 23.7 18.57
Dhaka 39.77 14.71 42.85 17.57 34.30 19.42
Khulna 12.83 10.87 11.20 12.42 20.0 15.69
Rajshahi 16.24 10.20 16.92 11.86 14.9 14.77
Sylhet 3.64 8.75 3.36 10.59 12.4 10.78
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Urbanization and R-U Literacy Gap
H 6: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban literacy rate gap
The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban Literacy rate gap over the periods.
2R
RU_BA = 13.89520 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 19.35212 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 22.15349 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 15.17236 + 0.2329958998*U_KHRU_RA = 14.34769 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 9.14095 + 0.2329958998*U_SY
Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Literacy Rate Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001
= 0.728491 and F-Statistic = 4.302
Divisions 1981 1991 2001
Urbanization (%)
R-U literacy gap
Urbanization (%)
R-U literacy gap
Urbanization (%)
R-U literacy gap
Barisal 5.39 2.71 4.45 4.18 14.2 5.53
Chittagong 22.12 5.02 21.19 7.41 23.7 7.59
Dhaka 39.77 5.89 42.85 7.79 34.30 12.92
Khulna 12.83 3.19 11.20 4.23 20.0 6.4
Rajshahi 16.24 4.40 16.92 4.44 14.9 5.73
Sylhet 3.64 2.09 3.36 3.1 12.4 4.78
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Urbanization and R-U Poverty Gap
H 7: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban poverty gap
The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban poverty gap over the periods.
2R
RU_BA = 8.37901 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 17.25783+ 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 19.23845+ 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 15.07199+ 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 16.35710 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 8.110357 + 0.2329958998*U_SY
Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Poverty Rate Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001
= 0.7129 and F-Statistic = 3.2295
Divisions 1981 1991 2001
Urbanization (%)
R-U poverty gap (%)
Urbanization (%)
R-U poverty gap (%)
Urbanization (%)
R-U poverty gap (%)
Barisal 5.39 4.5 4.45 3.92 14.2 3.04
Chittagong 22.12 6.39 21.19 6.04 23.7 4.81
Dhaka 39.77 13.25 42.85 10.09 34.30 8.55
Khulna 12.83 5.96 11.20 4.14 20.0 3.68
Rajshahi 16.24 6.2 16.92 5.42 14.9 2.92
Sylhet 3.64 3.76 3.36 3.26 12.4 3.16
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Urbanization and R-U Safe Drinking WaterUser HHs’ Gap
H 8: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban safe water user HHs gap
regional rural-urban Safe drinking water user HHs gap does not depend onUrbanization over the periods.
2R
RU_BA = 8.97953 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 7.28713 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 6.152084+ 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 8.23765 + 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 9.05721 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 7.29307 + 0.2329958998*U_SY
Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Safe Drinking Water User HHs’ Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001
= 0.4320 and F-Statistic = 7.0219
Divisions 1981 1991 2001
Urbanization (%)
R-U safe water usage gap (%)
Urbanization (%)
R-U safe water usage gap (%)
Urbanization (%)
R-U safe water usage gap (%)
Barisal 5.39 18.38 4.45 14.21 14.2 6.51
Chittagong 22.12 16.28 21.19 12.76 23.7 16.3
Dhaka 39.77 16.95 42.85 6.8 34.30 4.88
Khulna 12.83 19.38 11.20 12.02 20.0 18.56
Rajshahi 16.24 16.24 16.92 14.85 14.9 15.96
Sylhet 3.64 23.84 3.36 14.84 12.4 3.88
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Urbanization and R-U Sanitary Toilet User HHs’ Gap
H 9: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban sanitary toilet user HHs’ gap
The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban sanitary toilet user HHs’ gap over the periods.
2R
RU_BA = 13.35673 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 21.37684 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 24.17694 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 18.13785 + 0.232995898*U_KARU_RA = 17.46620 + 0.2329958998*U_RA
RU_SY = 12.09135 + 0.2329958998*U_SY
Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Safe Drinking Water User HHs’ Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001
= 0.78340 and F-statistic = 3.02187
Divisions 1981 1991 2001
Urbanization (%)
R-U sanitary toilet usage gap (%)
Urbanization (%)
R-U sanitary toilet usage gap (%)
Urbanization (%)
R-U sanitary toilet usage gap (%)
Barisal 5.39 15.07 4.45 16.67 14.2 21.14
Chittagong 22.12 17.28 21.19 22.21 23.7 33.41
Dhaka 39.77 19.62 42.85 34.49 34.30 52.33
Khulna 12.83 16.03 11.20 18.86 20.0 24.17
Rajshahi 16.24 16.2 16.92 18.97 14.9 22.4
Sylhet 3.64 14.06 3.36 16.42 12.4 19.35
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Urbanization and R-U Child Nutrition StatusGap
H 10: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban child nutrition status gap
Regional rural-urban child nutrition status gap does not depend on Urbanization over the periods.
2R
RU_BA = 10.37235 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 9.13254 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 9.34291+ 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 11.02157+ 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 9.46620 + 0.2329958998*U_RA
RU_SY = 9.09135 + 0.2329958998*U_SY
Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Child Nutrition Status Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001
= 0.34340 and F-statistic = 9.22041
Divisions 1981 1991 2001
Urbanization (%)
R-U child nutrition status gap (%)
Urbanization (%)
R-U child nutrition status gap (%)
Urbanization (%)
R-U child nutrition status gap (%)
Barisal 5.39 2 4.45 3 14.2 2
Chittagong
22.122
21.194
23.72
Dhaka 39.77 3 42.85 5 34.30 2
Khulna 12.83 6 11.20 4 20.0 3
Rajshahi 16.24 2 16.92 3 14.9 1
Sylhet 3.64 2 3.36 2 12.4 5
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Urbanization andR-U Infant Mortality Gap
H 11: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban infant mortality gap
The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban infant mortality gap over the periods.
2R
RU_BA = 7.53230+ 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 15.63825+ 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 18.52793+ 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 12.03568+ 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 9.14327+ 0.2329958998*U_RA
RU_SY = 6.71230+ 0.2329958998*U_SY
Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban IMR Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001
= 0.70146 and F-statistic = 4.24579
Divisions 1981 1991 2001
Urbanization (%)
R-U infant mortality rate gap (per 1000 live births)
Urbanization (%)
R-U infant mortality rate gap (per 1000 live births)
Urbanization (%)
R-U infant mortality rate gap (per 1000 live births)
Barisal 5.39 7 4.45 8 14.2 11
Chittagong 22.12 15 21.19 14 23.7 11
Dhaka 39.77 17 42.85 15 34.30 15
Khulna 12.83 14 11.20 10 20.0 14
Rajshahi 16.24 8 16.92 10 14.9 13
Sylhet 3.64 12 3.36 11 12.4 12
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Urbanization andR-U Maternal Mortality Gap
H 12: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban maternal mortality gap
Regional rural-urban maternal mortality gap does not depend on urbanizationover the periods.
2R
RU_BA = 10.23530 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 9.03126 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 8.22793 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 10.03426 + 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 9.25313 + 0.2329958998*U_RA
RU_SY = 8.81230 + 0.2329958998*U_SY
Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban MMR Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001
= 0.470115 and F-statistic = 6.29745
Divisions 1981 1991 2001
Urbanization (%)
R-U maternal mortality rate gap (per 1000 live births)
Urbanization (%)
R-U maternal mortality rate gap (per 1000 live births)
Urbanization (%)
R-U maternal mortality rate gap (per 1000 live births)
Barisal 5.39 2.85 4.45 8.0 14.2 2.2
Chittagong 22.12 2.06 21.19 2.2 23.7 4.03
Dhaka 39.77 2.18 42.85 3.38 34.30 4.12
Khulna 12.83 3.17 11.20 2.69 20.0 3.27
Rajshahi 16.24 1.07 16.92 2.47 14.9 1.56
Sylhet 3.64 1.8 3.36 1.02 12.4 4.73
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Urbanization andR-U HHs’ HavingAccess to Pacca and Semi Pacca HouseStructures Gap
H 13: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban HHs by Pacca and semi pacca housing structure gap
The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban HHs’ having access to pacca and semi housing structure gap over the periods.
2R
RU_BA = 9.13520 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 18.15416 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 21.21015 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 17.23015 + 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 14.79530 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 8.92513 + 0.2329958998*U_SY
Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban HHs by Pacca and Semi Pacca Housing Structure Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001
= 0.83461 and F-statistic = 3.21395
Divisions 1981 1991 2001
Urbanization (%)
R-U HHs by pacca and semi pacca housing gap (%)
Urbanization (%)
R-U HHs by pacca and semi pacca housing gap (%)
Urbanization (%)
R-U HHs by pacca and semi pacca housing gap (%)
Barisal 5.39 21.36 4.45 24.82 14.2 27.39
Chittagong 22.12 26.43 21.19 27.78 23.7 23.27
Dhaka 39.77 27.28 42.85 31.17 34.30 27.12
Khulna 12.83 25.27 11.20 29.89 20.0 30.7
Rajshahi 16.24 23.79 16.92 27.47 14.9 30.57
Sylhet 3.64 19.89 3.36 24.82 12.4 27.18
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Divisins GDP at Current Market Price (in Million Taka)
1981 1991 2001
Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban
Barisal 7,633 9,011 28,239 33856 50,490 82,402
Chittagong 24,393 31,339 60,870 130,489 109,481 332,648
Dhaka 28,030 39,294 70,317 175,594 144,712 715,189
Khulna 12,309 15,371 40,758 61,965 82,789 182,514
Rajshahi 23,771 29,082 77,114 97,535 153,151 314,896
Sylhet 7,102 8,028 22,917 27,956 48,074 71,143
Bangladesh 108,953 124,310 293,215 534,395 583,697 1,703,792
Regional Variations in GDP at Current Market Prices, 1981, 1991 and 2001
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Years Divisins Per Capita Investment (in taka)
Population (in million)
Sectoral Investment (in million taka)
Per Capita Investment
Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban
1981 Barisal 7.13 0.4 4,619.13 10,308.05 0.000643 0.22418
Chittagong 13.55 3.8 15,197.32 36,020.43 0.000383 0.57392
Dhaka 16.49 10.88 24,468.01 69,324.30 0.000574 0.71414
Khulna 9.29 1.3 11,240.78 19,327.71 0.000456 0.36785
Rajshahi 19.01 3.6 8,189.43 20,385.82 0.000220 0.39492
Sylhet 4.3 0.16 4,377.63 9,675.391 0.001018 0.17531
1991 Barisal 8.76 0.41 5,061.05 15,240.73 0.000565 0.19452
Chittagong 16.33 4.41 21,240.87 52,340.56 0.001301 0.68794
Dhaka 19.15 14.2 49,359.56 119,940.9 0.002578 0.83597
Khulna 10.73 1.4 7,185.91 31,679.34 0.000249 0.67824
Rajshahi 20.95 4.27 5,230.70 39,435.35 0.000928 0.42639
Sylhet 5.52 0.19 5,127.31 13,869.67 0.000543 0.27560
2001 Barisal 6.99 1.16 6,210.63 15,530.29 0.001032 0.38145
Chittagong 18.4 5.72 41,250.59 1,20,940.6 0.001895 0.82533
Dhaka 25.6 13.39 45,379.21 1,71,890.8 0.001433 1.03309
Khulna 11.68 2.92 10,990.75 66,721.32 0.000429 0.52422
Rajshahi 25.6 4.49 10,881.39 69,589.15 0.000674 0.47147
Sylhet 6.92 0.98 6,566.73 13,251.68 0.000295 0.36250
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Years Divisions Dependency Ratio
Average Size of HHs Average No. of Earners Dependency Ratio**
Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban
1981 Barisal 5.94 5.89 1.06 1.73 1:4.60 1:2.40
Chittagong 6.78 5.93 1.69 1.83 1:3.01 1:2.24
Dhaka 5.15 4.32 1.78 1.98 1:1.89 1:1.18
Khulna 7.35 6.71 1.42 1.69 1:4.18 1:2.97
Rajshahi 7.44 6.05 1.78 1.94 1:3.18 1:2.12
Sylhet 7.13 6.33 1.13 1.73 1:5.30 1:2.66
1991 Barisal 5.11 4.39 1.37 1.91 1:2.73 1:1.30
Chittagong 4.79 4.88 1.88 1.98 1:1.55 1:1.46
Dhaka 4.60 4.31 1.94 2.10 1:1.37 1:1.05
Khulna 4.67 5.04 1.53 1.79 1:2.05 1:1.82
Rajshahi 5.61 4.50 1.89 1.98 1:1.99 1:1.27
Sylhet 5.33 4.38 1.34 1.33 1:2.78 1:2.29
2001 Barisal 5.11 4.39 1.37 1.91 1:2.73 1:1.30
Chittagong 4.79 4.88 1.88 1.98 1:1.55 1:1.46
Dhaka 4.60 4.31 1.94 2.10 1:1.37 1:1.05
Khulna 4.67 5.04 1.53 1.79 1:2.05 1:1.82
Rajshahi 5.61 4.50 1.89 1.98 1:1.99 1:1.27
Sylhet 5.33 4.38 1.34 1.33 1:2.78 1:2.29
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Years Divisions Types of Housing Structure
Pacca Semi Pacca
Rural Urban Rural Urban
1981 Barisal 1.46 6.79 14.01 30.04
Chittagong 4.71 9.08 11.23 33.29
Dhaka 5.05 10.61 12.29 34.01
Khulna 2.83 7.65 9.53 29.98
Rajshahi 3.02 4.82 9.01 31.0
Sylhet 3.79 6.74 9.15 26.09
1991 Barisal 4.84 10.43 15.02 34.25
Chittagong 5.63 11.59 15.11 36.93
Dhaka 6.48 13.18 15.45 39.92
Khulna 5.5 11.01 10.09 34.47
Rajshahi 4.47 9.89 10.93 32.98
Sylhet 4.77 9.89 11.56 33.83
2001 Barisal 7.27 13.26 19.43 36.71
Chittagong 11.02 15.31 20.55 43.38
Dhaka 12.04 20.09 21.24 43.89
Khulna 7.31 13.99 15.91 39.80
Rajshahi 5.6 12.72 18.53 38.59
Sylhet 5.07 13.14 15.85 37.83
CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Indicators and sub indicators 1981 1991 2001
Agricultural and nonagricultural share of GDP (%) 6.58 29.14 48.96
Rural-urban HH average monthly income (in tk.) 820 719 1100
Rural-urban HH average monthly Expd. (in tk.) 728 634 735
Rural-urban HH average monthly savings (in tk.) 93 85 199
Dependency ratio (%) 1:1.12 1:0.99 1:1.16
Per capita investment (in tk.) 0.207219 0.218686 0.314705
Literacy rate (%) 17.8 19.1 20.7
Population below poverty line (%) 7.8 5.1 13.1
Number of safe drinking water user HHs (%) 27.34 21.67 10.32
Number of sanitary toilet user HHs (%) 23.29 34.15 29.15
Child nutrition status in terms of underweight (%) 3 4 4
IMR (per 1000 live births) 17 22 14
MMR (per 1000 live births) 2.12 2.91 3.32
HHs having access to pacca and semi pacca housing structure (%)
23.73 26.38 36.7
HHs having access to electricity (%) 36.68 53.49 50.81
CHAPTER 5: Socioeconomic Profile and Rural-Urban Disparities in the Two Study Areas
Sources of Income Rural income % of income Urban income % of income
Crops 32750 31.32 19500 14.17
Livestock 7,050 6.75 8500 6.18
Fisheries and Poultry 7,500 7.18 4000 2.91
Vegetables 3500 3.35 2000 1.45
Rickshaw & Van Pulling
10000 9.57 13000 9.45
Tailoring 4,500 4.31 13000 9.45
Baby taxi driving 1,000 0.96 9100 6.61
Biscuit factory 2,400 2.30 6000 4.36
Jute Mills 9300 8.90 23000 16.72
Technician 1000 0.96 17000 12.35
Other 25500 24.40 22500 16.35
Total Income 104500 100 137600 100
Mean Income 2,090 2,752
Distribution of Rural-Urban Households by Average Monthly Income (in Tk.) by Source
CHAPTER 5: Socioeconomic Profile and Rural-Urban Disparities in the Two Study Areas
Distribution of Rural-Urban Households by Average Monthly Expenditure and Savings (in Tk.) Heads of Expenditure
Rural expenditure % of expenditure Urban expenditure % of expenditure
Food 58,350 60.78 62,620 50.68
Clothing 12,525 13.05 11500 9.31
Housing 6,030 6.28 19700 14.94
Education 7,120 7.42 9500 7.69
Health 3200 3.33 3000 2.43
Transport 1225 1.28 5650 4.57
Other 7550 7.86 11600 9.39
Total Expenditure 96,000 100 123,570 100
Mean Expenditure 1920 2,471
Mean Savings 170 281
CHAPTER 5: Socioeconomic Profile and Rural-Urban Disparities in the Two Study Areas
Distribution of HH Members by Causes of Depositing Money in MFIs
Causes Rural Urban
n % n %
Reliable 12 23.08 15 44.12
They can deposit very short amount of money
13 25.00 4 11.76
They can take loan against savings 16 30.77 7 20.59
Very close to their house 7 13.46 3 8.82
Other 4 7.69 5 14.71
Total 52 14.86 34 13.6
CHAPTER 5: Socioeconomic Profile and Rural-Urban Disparities in the Two Study Areas
Distribution of Households in Debt by Purposes Area Purpose of Loan Households in Debt
n %
Rural Ancestral debtOccasionTreatmentNatural disasterOther
47524
18.1831.8222.739.09
18.18
Total 22 100.00
Urban Ancestral debtOccasionTreatmentNatural disasterOther
16503
040.0033.33
020.00
Total 15 100.00
CHAPTER 5: Socioeconomic Profile and Rural-Urban Disparities in the Two Study Areas
Organizations Membership in organization (%)
Rural Urban
n % n %
BRAC 30 21 19 21
ASA 27 19 29 32
PROSHIKA 9 6 14 15
Jagorani Chakra Foundation 53 37 9 10
Shakti Foundation 13 9 6 7
Other 4 3 11 12
Overlapped 7 5 2 3
Total 143 41 90 36
t-value (urban Vs. rural) 5.201
Significance * P<0.188
Percentile Distribution of Household Members Engaged in Different Organizations
CHAPTER 6: Factors Contributing to Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Correlation between Highest Rural-Urban Disparity in Dhaka and Its Urbanization
Concentrated Urbanization is the main factor contributing to regional rural-urban disparity. Correlation between urbanization and rural-urban gap in the highly urbanized region in significant.
Factors behind Highest Rural-urban Disparity in Dhaka (contd.)
Significant at 95% confident level.
Variables 2001
Correlation coefficient
t-value Significant
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban GDP gap 0.727 9.249 P<0.000
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ income gap 0.792 8.229 P<0.000
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ expenditure gap 0.635 8.012 P<0.000
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ savings gap 0.457 1.294 P<0.365
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban per capita investment gap 0.665 8.563 P<0.000
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban literacy gap 0.639 5.231 P<0.014
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban poverty gap 0.517 3.128 P<0.079
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban safe water usage gap 0.246 1.392 P<0.294
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban sanitary toilet usage gap 0.502 1.203 P<0.045
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban child nutrition status gap 0.401 1.629 P<0.387
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban IMR gap 0.621 5.102 P<0.039
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban MMR gap 0.316 2.615 P<0.229
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban pacca and semi pacca housing holders’ gap
0.569 4.212 P<0.017
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban electricity gap 0.551 4.110 P<0.059
CHAPTER 6: Factors Contributing to Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Factors behind Highest Rural-urban Disparity in Dhaka (contd.)
Correlation between Highest Rural-Urban Disparity in Dhaka and Its Urbanization
Variables 1991
Correlation coefficient
t-value Significance
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban GDP gap 0.701 7.572 P<0.000
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ income gap 0.567 6.569 P<0.003
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ expenditure gap 0.630 7.725 P<0.003
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ savings gap 0.446 2.961 P<0.292
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban per capita investment gap 0.613 7.352 P<0.000
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban literacy gap 0.616 5.003 P<0.001
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban poverty gap 0.572 4.129 P<0.011
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban safe water usage gap 0.330 2.292 P<0.310
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban sanitary toilet usage gap 0.596 1.556 P<0.013
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban child nutrition status gap 0.474 2.926 P<0.314
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban IMR gap 0.621 5.102 P<0.039
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban MMR gap 0.294 2.550 P<0.213
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban pacca and semi pacca housing holders’ gap
0.601 4.679 P<0.009
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban electricity gap 0.516 3.387 P<0.061
Significant at 95% confident level.
CHAPTER 6: Factors Contributing to Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Correlation between Highest Rural-Urban Disparity in Dhaka and Its Urbanization
Variables 1981
Correlation coefficient
t-value Significance
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban GDP gap 0.629 7.238 P<0.000
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ income gap 0.522 6.109 P<0.021
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ expenditure gap 0.592 7.220 P<0.001
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ savings gap 0.413 2.904 P<0.256
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban per capita investment gap 0.520 5.349 P<0.031
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban literacy gap 0.533 4.309 P<0.013
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban poverty gap 0.647 4.934 P<0.001
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban safe water usage gap 0.452 2.339 P<0.324
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban sanitary toilet usage gap 0.536 2.113 P<0.001
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban child nutrition status gap 0.437 2.589 P<0.294
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban IMR gap 0.683 5.228 P<0.013
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban MMR gap 0.227 2.051 P<0.237
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban pacca and semi pacca housing holders’ gap
0.573 4.219 P<0.011
Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban electricity gap 0.502 3.226 P<0.073
Factors behind Highest Rural-urban Disparity in Dhaka
Significant at 95% confident level.
CHAPTER 5: Factors Contributing to Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Factors Contributing to Regional Rural-Urban Disparity (contd.)
Based on Literature Review
Concentrated urbanization and existence of primate city
Drain of skilled manpower
Absence of secondary city
Concentration of economic activities
Problem in the marketing of farm products
Urban bias investment policy
Absence of urban functions in rural development
CHAPTER 6: Factors Contributing to Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh
Factors behind Rural-urban Disparity at the Local Level (cont.)
The 1st prioritized factor is Insufficient organizational support from different Govt. and non governmental organizations.
The second prioritized factor is absence of agro processing center.
The other factors are lack of diversified economic activities, problem in the marketing of farm productsand seasonal unemployment.
Based on rural HHs’ respondents
Based on key informant’s interview Insufficient organizational support (social and economic) is the main factor in terms of lack of diversified economic activities in rural area, poor road infrastructure, absence of agro processing facilities, problem in the marketing of farm products, low income, lack of schools and colleges, lack of health centers, lack of safe water and sanitation facilities.
Factors PI Rank
Problem in the marketing of farm produces
0.55 4
Absence of agro processing facilities
0.74 2
Insufficient organizational supports
0.78 1
Lack of diversified economic activities
0.68 3
Seasonal unemployment 0.53 5
CHAPTER 7: Analysis of Policies and Programs towards Reducing Rural-Urban Disparities
National urbanization policy Policies, strategies and programs for poverty reduction in different planning periodNational Industrial Policy, 2005 Food Assisted Programs: Food for Work (FFW) Program; Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) Program; Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF) Program; Test Relief (TR) and Gratuitous Relief (GR) Programs; Food for Education (FFE) Program
Comprehensive Village Development Program Education program Income and employment generating program: Skill training program; Micro credit program
Health, Nutrition, Water and sanitation program: Wash program; SHARD program;
Housing Program: Dew tin Prodan project; Urban Basic Service Delivery Project etc.
Rural infrastructural development program Agro processing center development strategies
Policies and Programs
CHAPTER 7: Analysis of Policies and Programs towards Reducing Rural-Urban Disparities
National urbanization policy
Skewed Urbanization
46.72% of total urban population in Dhaka
Existence of Primate city
Poverty reduction policies during planning period in Bangladesh
H 15. Poverty gap has been significantly reduced after implementing different policies and programs
Rural: 61.2% and Urban: 53% at the first of Fifth Five Year Plan. R-U gap was 8.2%
Rural: 44.9% and Urban: 36.6% after the ending of the planning period. R-U gap was 8.3%
Hypothesis rejected at 95% confidence level (t-value is 559.296 and P<0.068)
CHAPTER 7: Analysis of Policies and Programs towards Reducing Rural-Urban Disparities
Comprehensive Village Development Program (CVDP)
Source: Working paper on feasibility of implementing CVDP as National Development Model prepared for a Colloquium held on 18th September 2003 in Dhaka.
Indicators Before and after evaluation
Before program implementation (1989)
After (June 2003)
t-value Significance
Per capita income (in US dollar) 224 437 16.739 P<0.038
People living below poverty line 46.0 5.97 7.212 P<0.000
Per head saving (in taka) 2990 5482 4.400 P<0.003
Population growth rate (%) 1.82 1.74 3.400 P<0.013
Infant mortality rate (Per thousand live birth)
64 40 4.310 P<0.013
Use of safe drinking water (%) 85 99.75 4.040 P<0.087
Literacy rate (%) 48 80.50 3.984 P<0.001
Electrified houses (%) 10 86 2.240 P<0.003
Unemployment rate (%) 18.34 11.03 3.173 P<0.079
Analysis of the Impacts of CVDP
CHAPTER 7: Analysis of Policies and Programs towards Reducing Rural-Urban Disparities
Food Assisted Programmes (FAP)Food Assisted Programmes (FAP)
Direct programsDirect programs
Food for Work (FFW): Food for Work (FFW): 700,000 metric tons food grains at the cost of 10,540 million Tk. in 700,000 metric tons food grains at the cost of 10,540 million Tk. in 2002-032002-03
Vulnerable Group Development (VGD): Vulnerable Group Development (VGD): 450,000 women got benefit; 33.50kg. Wheat per 450,000 women got benefit; 33.50kg. Wheat per month per person in 2002-03month per person in 2002-03
Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF): Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF): 88,000 tons food grains in 2002-0388,000 tons food grains in 2002-03 in
Test Relief (TR) and Gratuitous Relief (GR): Test Relief (TR) and Gratuitous Relief (GR): 110,000 and 97,000 metric Tons in 2002-03110,000 and 97,000 metric Tons in 2002-03
Indirect programIndirect program
Food for Education (FFE)- Food for Education (FFE)- out of 5.2 million school going children 40% got food grains in 2004out of 5.2 million school going children 40% got food grains in 2004
The calculated WMI value is 3.64 indicating that the sample rural HHs are satisfied The calculated WMI value is 3.64 indicating that the sample rural HHs are satisfied towards these programs. towards these programs.
CHAPTER 7: Analysis of Policies and Programs towards Reducing Rural-Urban Disparities
Education program
Primary level of education and female education rate have been improved between the periods 1995-2005 in both rural and urban areas
The rates between rural and urban areas are very close to each other
Disparity between rural-urban areas are not significant
Source: Bangladesh Statistical Year Book, 2005.
Analysis of the Impacts of Education Programs
Area Primary education rate in 1995
Primary education rate in 2005
Female literacy rate in 1995
Female literacy rate in 2005
Rural 21.53 43.02 12.56 39.33
Urban 24.23 46.51 16.93 41.30
t-value 1.422 7.212
Significance P<0.138 P<0.173
HHs’ satisfaction towards different education programs
In terms of Primary education and female literacy rates rural HHs are strongly satisfied and satisfied respectively. The calculated weighted mean scores are 4.2 and 3.54 respectively
In terms of upper level (secondary and above) of education, rural HHs are dissatisfied. The calculated mean score is 1.82
CHAPTER 7: Analysis of Policies and Programs towards Reducing Rural-Urban Disparities
Water, sanitation and health related programs
Industrial policy, 2005Industrial policy, 2005
Most of the technologies and facilities for handling, storage, processing and packaging Most of the technologies and facilities for handling, storage, processing and packaging of farm products and by-products are still substandard and outdated in Bangladesh- of farm products and by-products are still substandard and outdated in Bangladesh- BATDD, September, 2006BATDD, September, 2006
Analysis of the Impacts of Water, Sanitation and Health Programs
Variables WMI for rural
OA WMI for urban
OA
Installation of tube well has been increased 3.24 S 3.28 S
Tube boil are being tested for checking arsenic
3.64 S 4.16 SS
Institutional performances are very quick in water and sanitation
1.18 DS 1.6 DS
Number of pacca and semi pacca toilet users are increasing
3.54 S 3.82 S
NGOs are doing well in water and sanitation
3.64 S 2.93 MS
Health status 2.0 SI 3.84 SBI
OA=overall assessment, SS= strongly satisfied, S= satisfied, DS = dissatisfied, MS= moderately satisfied,
SBI= substantially improved, SI = slightly improved.
Rural respondents are dissatisfied to the existing agro Rural respondents are dissatisfied to the existing agro processing facilities. Their WMI is 1.4processing facilities. Their WMI is 1.4
CHAPTER 7: Analysis of Policies and Programs towards Reducing Rural-Urban Disparities
Infrastructure development programInfrastructure development program
LGED is engaged for rural infrastructure development
No. of growth center has been increased from 154 to 628 between the periods 2000-01 and 2005-06- Bangladesh Economic Review, 2007
The length of katcha road roads has been decreased and pacca roads has been increased, but not in a mentionable rate
6252
4804
60405237
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Length
of pacca a
nd
katc
ha r
oads (
Km
.)
2000-01 2005-06
Periods
Katcha
Pacca
In the sample rural area, there is no growth centre and RMP program has been stopped- key informant’s interview
Source: Bangladesh Economic Review, 2007
Figure: Rural Road Infrastructure Development by LGED
CHAPTER 7: Analysis of Policies and Programs towards Reducing Rural-Urban Disparities
Year Access to
Electricity Mobile phone
Telephone
1995 10.7 3.12 0.12
2005 31.19 26.05 0.27
t-value 2.044 3.489 1.143
Significance P<0.023 P<0.009 P<0.278
Access to electricity, mobile and telephoneAccess to electricity, mobile and telephone
Rural HHs access to electricity, and mobile phone has been significantly improvedRural HHs access to electricity, and mobile phone has been significantly improved
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
HH
s ac
cess
to e
lect
rici
ty,
mob
ile p
hone
, and
land
ph
one
(%)
1995 2005
Periods
Electricity
Mobilephonne
Landphone
Source: Bangladesh, HIES, 2005 (Provisional).
WMI towards the satisfaction of electricity facility: rural (2.8) urban (4.3)WMI towards the satisfaction of electricity facility: rural (2.8) urban (4.3)
WMI towards the satisfaction of access to mobile rural (4.34); urban (4.8)WMI towards the satisfaction of access to mobile rural (4.34); urban (4.8)
WMI towards the satisfaction of the access to telephone connection: rural (1); urban WMI towards the satisfaction of the access to telephone connection: rural (1); urban (1.6)(1.6)
CHAPTER 7: Analysis of Policies and Programs towards Reducing Rural-Urban Disparities
Income and employment generation programs and skill training Income and employment generation programs and skill training programsprograms
Analysis of the Impacts of Income and Employment Generation and Skill Training Programs
Variables WMI for rural area
WMI for urban area
Skilled members have been increased 3.16 3.84
Income has been increased by the programs 3.16 3.66
Employment opportunity creation by the programs
3.42 3.74
Receiving more credit on easy terms and conditions
3.46 3.58
Micro credit is doing well 3.38 2.5