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CHAPTER 4

PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Krishnagiri is a district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. This

district has a prehistoric importance. Till the year 2004 Krishnagiri was a part

of the Dharmapuri district. Considering the expanding population and

significant features of the Krishnagiri division, Krishnagiri District was

formed as the 30th separate district of Tamil Nadu on February 9, 2004. The

municipal town of Krishnagiri is the district headquarters. In Tamil Nadu, e-

Governance was first introduced at Krishnagiri district under the National e-

Governance project in revenue, social welfare departments on a pilot basis.

The district is one of the two largest producers of mangoes not only in Tamil

Nadu but throughout India.

4.2 LOCATION

Krishnagiri district is bounded by Vellore and Thiruvannamalai

districts in the east, Karnataka state in the west, state of Andhra Pradesh in the

north and Dharmapuri district in the south. Its area is 5143 Sq. kms. This

district is elevated from 300m to 1400m above the mean sea level. It is

located between 11º 12'N to 12º 49'N Latitude,77º 27'E to 78º 38'E Longitude.

This district is elevated from 300m to 1400m above the mean sea level.

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4.3 CLIMATE AND RAINFAL

Eastern part of the district experiences hot climate and western part

has a contrasting cold climate. The average rainfall is 830 mm per annum.

4.4 RIVER

The main rivers that flow across the district are Kaveri and South

Pennar Kaveri enters the district from South West in Denkanikottai taluk and

exists in South West direction. It forms waterfalls at Hokenakkal and joins

Mettur Dam. South Pennar originates in Nandidurg of Karnataka and flows

through Hosur, Krishnagiri and Uthangari Taluks. Vanniyar and Markanda

rivers join this South Pennar.

4.5 ADMINISTRATION SETUP

District Collector is the head of the Krishnagiri district

Administration. Krishnagiri district comprises two revenue division

Krishnagiri and Hosur. There are five taluks namely Krishnagiri, Hosur,

Pochampalli, Uthangarai and Denkanikotta. There are ten Panchayat Unions

as follows: Kelamangalam, Thali, Krishnagiri, Shoolagiri, Vepanapalli,

Hosur, Kaveripattinam, Bargur, Mathur and Uthangarai. Revenue Divisional

Officer heads the divisions and Tahsildar is the head of taluk level

administration. Development administration in this district is coordinated by

the Panchyat Unions (also called as Blocks) for the rural areas. There are

about 10 Panchayat Unions, 7 Town Panchayats, 352 Village Panchayats and

636 Revenue Villages in this district.

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Table 4.1 Administrative Divisions

Revenue Divisions

Krishnagiri

Hosur

Panchayat Unions

Revenue Taluks

Krishnagiri

Hosur

Pochampalli

Uthangarai

Denkanikottai

Kelamangalam

Thali

Krishnagiri

Shoolagiri

Vepanapalli

Hosur

Kaveripattinam

Bargur

Mathur

Uthangarai

4.6 AGRICULTURE

The important crops of Krishnagiri district are paddy, maize, ragi,

banana, sugarcane, cotton, tamarind, coconut, mango, groundnut, vegetables

and flowers. The district has an excellent scope for agriculture business.

Regional Agricultural Research Center of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

is functioning efficiently at Paiyur in Kaveripattinam union since 1973. This

center is functioning in 18.5 hectares of land. It helps the peasants to develop

and adopt the modern technique of cultivation. It has developed hybrid seeds

by research which yields more tonnage and good quality.

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Table 4.2 Important Crops Cultivated In Krishnagiri District

S.No Production Area(hectares)

1 Paddy 20,687

2 Ragii 48,944

3 Other minor crops 11,937

4 Pulses 48,749

5 Sugarcane 4,078

6 Mangos 30,017

7 Coconut 13,192

8 Tamarind 1,362

9 Other Crops 43,199Source: Secondary data

4.7 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

According to the 2011 census Krishnagiri district has a population

of 1,883,731, roughly equal to the nation of Lesotho or the United States state

of West Virginia. This gives it a ranking of 251st in India out of a total of 640.

The district has a population density of 370 inhabitants per square kilometre

(960 /sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was

20.67%. Krishnagiri has a sex ratio of 956 females for every 1000 males, and

a literacy rate of 72.41 %.The district exhibits the confluence of different

languages and religions. Three languages namely tamil, telugu and kannada

are predominantly spoken in this district.

4.8 ROAD TRANSPORT

This district is connected by Prime Minister's Golden Rectangle

Project executed by National Highways Authority of India. This district has a

network of National Highways converging. Apart from this state highways

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and district highways are linking almost all the towns and villages of the

district. Four National highways converge at the Head Quarters of this district

is unique.

Table 4.3 National Highways

S.No Start/End Point NH No. Kilometers

1 Kanniyakumari–Varanasi 7 2460

2 Krishnagiri–Ranipet 46 144

3 Krishnagiri – Pondicherry 66 214

4 Krishnagiri–Madanapalli 219 175

5 Sarjapur–Bagalur–Hosur 207 40Source: Secondary data

4.9 RAILWAYS

Salem, Bangalore Broad gauge line run through Hosur. A railway

line between Jolarpet and Hosur, Krishnagiri will pave way for further

improvement of industrial growth in Hosur. This will link Chennai city and its

port facilities with the growing town of Hosur, which is also a hub for

horticulture crops. However this will take some time for realization.

4.10 RURAL ELECTRIFICATION

Street lighting in rural areas is vested with the Panchayat

Administration. The panchayats looks after the erection of new streetlights in

the hamlets, payment of current consumption charges from the panchayat

funds. Also the procurement of tube lights, sodium vapor lights and other

electrical appliances are done by the connected panchayats itself. Now solar

lights are also being utilized to cut down on consumption cost. Overall, 95%

of the hamlets are covered under rural electrification.

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4.11 POWER SUPPLY POSITION

Generally the power supply position in Krishnagiri district is

normal. But in some areas low voltage problem is felt, especially in the

hamlets in ghat section. To minimize the current consumption charges in the

panchayat, efforts were taken to utilize solar power lights as an alternate and

renewable source in Krishnagiri district.

4.12 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES

There is a Community Polytechnic run by the government in

Krishnagiri district. Also, the TAHDCO (Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar Housng

Development Corporation) offers Nursing and Catering Training under

Vocational Training courses through private training institutions to people

belonging to SC and ST communities. The government as well as private

organizations in Krishnagiri district run the following schools and training

institutions.

Table 4.4 Education Centres in Krishnagiri District

S.No Education centers No.

1 Primary Schools 988

2 Middle schools 107

3 High schools 113

4 Hr. Sec. Schools 72

5 Industrial Training Institutions 5

6 Music school 1

7 Teachers Training School 2

8 Polytechnic 4

9 Engineering College 4

10 Arts & Science College 5 Source: Secondary data

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According to the 2011 census Krishnagiri district has a population

of 1,883,731, roughly equal to the nation of Lesotho or the US state of West

Virginia. This gives it a ranking of 251st in India (out of a total of 640). The

district has a population density of 370 inhabitants per square kilometre

(960 per sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was

20.67 %. Krishnagiri has a sex ratio of 956 females for every 1000 males, and

a literacy rate of 72.41 %.

4.13 ECONOMY

Krishnagiri district is famous for mangoes. It is also famous for the

granite industry with quarries and processing units spread around the district.

Hosur, one of the most industrialized places in the state is located in this

district. With 40% share, the district is the top producer of ragi in Tamil Nadu.

4.14 MINING AND FORESTRY BASED ACTIVITIES

In Krishnagiri district, quarry leases are being granted for granite in

Patta lands and rough stone and earth quarry leases are being granted in

Government and patta lands under Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession

Rules 1959. Public works Department is operating sand quarry in riverbeds. A

state owned corporation called Tamil Nadu Metals and Mineral Ltd is also

earning quarry or Mining grants etc. in Government lands. The total mineral

revenue realized during the year 2006-07 is Rs. 7.45 crores. It is ascertained

that nearly 7,000 workers are being engaged in quarry activities. Krishnagiri

district has 2,02,409 hectares of forest land which constitutes 39% of the total

geographical area, there are abundant produce from the forest areas. Bamboo

products, honey collection and tamarind production are the forestry land

activities found in Anchetty, Denkanikotta, Thally and Berigai areas. This has

generated employment opportunities to thousands of rural people in these areas.

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4.15 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The animal husbandry department has contributed immensely to

live stock development in Krishnagiri district. This district is highly rich in

cattle wealth and poultry development activities. The annual income in the

animal husbandry sector is as follows

Table 4.5 Annual Income in Animal Husbandry

S.No Classification Income received

1 Milk 24,94,926

2 Egg 3,88,192

3 Pork 1,54,496

4 Sale of livestocks 4,21,578

5 Miscellaneous 13,55,244

6 Artificial Insemination 5,79,898

7 LN 2 (LiquidNitrogen)

1,27,819

Total income 55,22,153Source: Secondary data

4.16 HORTICULTURE

Krishnagiri district is more suitable for cultivation of horticulture

crops. Other plantation crops, medicinal plants, fruits, vegetables, spices, and

flowers are grown well by way of its moderate climate, high altitude and

fertility of the soil.

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Table 4.6 Area of Cultivation

S.No Product Area

1 Horticulture crops 38,248 hectares

2 Fruits 32,162 hectares

3 Vegetables 9,773 hectares

4 Spices 4,398 hectares

5 Flowers 1,115 hectaresSource: Secondary data

4.17 NATURAL RESOURCES

Krishnagiri is one among the districts of Tamil Nadu, which with

natural resources having 2,024 sq. kms of forest cover is its unique feature.

The hill ranges of this district are called by the name 'Melagiri'. The major

type of forest seen here are Tropical, Deciduous forests, thorny shrubs and

bamboo forest. Dense forest cover Denkanikottai region. The other region

contains shrubs, hills and hillocks with bushes.

4.18 FLORA AND FAUNA

The major wild animals include elephants, sambar, spotted deer,

gaur, wild boar, panther etc. The forest area of Denkanikottai Taluk forms the

prime elephant habitat with lot of bamboos and this area constitutes the

Cauvery elephant reserve, which is constituted over an area of about 450 sq.

kms. The bird population is also attractive with beautiful bird like paradise

flycatcher. Big lakes in Anchetti and Hosur areas also attract large number of

migratory birds like painted storks, teals etc. Apart from these birds and

mammals, there are variety of butterflies, giant spiders etc. that are coming

under endangered list. Kodakkarai shoal forest in Denkanikottai Taluk is

known for large scale migratory butterflies. During a particular season one

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can observe thousands of migratory butterflies passing through this forest like

a passing cloud.

The district is a paradise for natural lovers. The flora includes

variety of timber trees like rose wood, teak, sandal and hundreds of medicinal

herbs, minor forest plants like nelli, kadukkai, cheekai, pungam etc. The

following trees like Charakkonnai, pungam trees are found in abundance in

this forest. Pungam oil is extracted from this seeds of this tress which is a non

pollutant bio-fuel.

4.19 MINERALS AND INDUSTRIES

Paradise is the most popular multi coloured granite available in

Krishnagiri. Black granite is available in Hosur and Denkanikottai. Granite

processing units, which make slabs of granite, finished and decorated

beautifully are located mainly in Hosur surroundings. The multi coloured

paradise slabs are being exported to America, England, Australia and some

other European countries in large quantities. This industry is flourishing with

the uninterrupted supply of electricity and availability of raw material and

land at cheaper rates. A variety of quartz stones from Denkanikottai and

White metal called Limestone from Uthangarai are mined.

4.20 RESERVOIRS

Krishnagiri reservoir project, Shoolagiri-Chinnar reservoir,

Thangarai reservoir, Pambar reservoir, Kelevarapalli reservoir project and

Baarur tank are the sources of irrigation for our district. By all these water

reservoirs 18,965 hectares of land is irrigated.

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4.21 TRADE AND INDUSTRY

The State industrial Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu,

(SIPCOT) has developed one of the largest industrial complexes in the

country in Hosur in over an area of 1370 acres and to develop large, medium

and small industries with Small Industries Development Corporation

(SIDCO) offering comprehensive services for more than 500 industries. The

industries in Hosur are the source of raising the standard of living of people in

Krishnagiri district. It is producing goods varying from pin to aeroplance. The

credit goes to the good climate, incentives and inspiration provided by the

State government and Central government. It is at an altitude of 10000m from

mean sea level. It is very near to Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka.

Industries of various kinds such as electrical, electronic, automobile,

chemical, iron and steel are flourishing because of the favorable conditions

and infrastructure availability. Information technology has a great scope for

investment because of the proximity of Bangalore.

4.22 LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES

Several industrialist of repute have started their units in Hosur.

Hosur has been able to attract some of the most prestigious industrial houses

in the country including the Tatas, The Birlas, the Hindujas, TVS group

companies, Murugappa group of companies, Lakshmi group and also a

number of MNC’s. Hosur Industrial area consists of about 700 industries

comprising of Large, Medium, Small and tiny industries. The location of

these industries are SIPCOT phase I and II, SIDCO industrial estates, SIDCO

electronic industrial estate and the outside industries are scattered in private

lands within 20 kms radius of Hosur towards Krishnagiri, Royakottai and

Thalli Roads and few major industries in Harita, Bagalur, Belagondapalli,

Thorapalli and other areas.

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The units located at Hosur manufacture sophisticated products

ranging from trucks, automobiles and automobiles parts, motor cycles,

mopeds, diesel engines, power shift transmission, castings, forgings,

cigarettes, watches and jewellery, abrasives, hosiery knelling needles,

machineries, aircrafts and pharmaceuticals. Many companies belong to

biotech, textiles, chemicals, electronic, electrical and general engineering.

4.23 PROFILE OF THE MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN

KRISHNAGIRI DISTRICT CHOSEN FOR THE STUDY

4.23.1 Ashok Leyland Limited

Ashok Leyland plant 1 established in 1980 and spread over 103

acres of which 40 acres are built-up, the hosur plant-1 is their engine

manufacturing center. Apart from a variety of diesel engines, the plant also

manufactures and assembles heavy duty and special vehicles axes, gear boxes

and facilities include state-of-the-art converger engine assembly an advance

testing set-up that can accommodate all types of wheel bases and wheel

drives. Over 3000 people are employed in this company.

Ashok Leyland plant 2 established in 1994 in Hosur is a plant

replete with state-of-the-art finishing and assembling facilities that include

sophisticated painting facilities and one of the largest press facilities in India

for pressing frame side members. It spreads over 247 acres of which 30 acres

are built up and is rich in greenery over 2500 people are employed.

4.23.2 Asia Tobacco Company Limited

The Asia Tobacco Company limited (ATC) was set up in 1974 for

manufacturing cigarettes. The factory was started in 1975 in Hosur. It

manufactured indigenous cigarette brands. Currently, the company

manufactures the various brands of Indian Tobacco Company Limited like

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gold flake, wills navy cut, scissors etc. The company has so far produced

8069.41 million cigarettes in the year 2006-07 with a capacity utilization of

78.37 %. Its annual sales turn over for 2006-07 was Rs 1388.9 Lakhs. Starting

from the year 2003-04, the factory has undergone major up gradation both in

terms of the production technology as well as the supporting infrastructure.

These changes include induction of new manufacturing technology,

expansion of existing buildings, installation of state of the art infrastructure

and numerous installations concerning quality control, safety and in-house

power generation. The unit has also taken major strides towards achieving

compliance with the companies’ environment, health and safety management

systems.

4.23.3 AVTEC Limited

AVTEC, the largest independent manufacturer of power trains and

transmissions in India is a part of the C. K Birla group. The group spans four

continents and has a global revenue of over USD $1.8 billion with interests in

major industrial segments including automobile, bearings, power train for

auto and off highway, paper, cement, building products, electrical products,

information technology and other philanthropic activities like educational

institution and hospitals.

4.23.4 Bata India Limited

Bata India Ltd is the largest footwear retailer and the leader in the

footwear industry in India. The company is engaged in the business of

manufacturing and trading of footwear and non footwear items through their

retail and wholesale. The company is having the widest retail network with

1250 stores across the country. Their product range encompasses classic

shoes such as ambassador for men and comfort shoes such as comfit for

ladies, as well as a more trendy collection for ladies in the Marie Claire range

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and a sporty fashion collection for young adults in the North Star range. They

are having their production facilities at Batanagar in West Bengal, Patna,

Hathidah in Bihar, Faridabad in Haryana, Bangalore in Karnataka and Hosur

in Tamilnadu. The company was incorporated in the year 1931 as Bata Shoe

Company Pvt Ltd in konngar, West Bengal, which was then shifted to

Batanagar. Batanagar was the first manufacturing facility in the Indian shoe

industry to receive the ISO 9001 certification. The Company went public in

1973. They changed their name to Bata India Ltd. Over the years, Bata India

has established a leadership position in the footwear industry and is easily the

most trusted name in branded footwear. The Company has entered into an

agreement with Bata Ltd of Toronto, Canada for supply of technical know-

how and services such as Footwear technology and design, brand

development, product development, retailing and information systems for a

period of ten years from January 1, 2001.

4.23.5 Bimetal Bearings Limited

Bimetal Bearings Ltd is a major engine bearings producer in India.

The company is engaged in manufacturing and selling of bearings, bushings

and thrust washers. Their products include thin-walled bearings, bushings and

thrust washers, bimetallic strips and alloy powder. The company plants are

located at Chennai, Coimbatore and Hosur. The manufacturing infrastructure

consists of a strip mill plant in Chennai, bearing plant at Coimbatore and

Hosur producing 1.2 million half shells per month, and a thrust washer and

bushing plant at Chennai with a capacity of 1 million pieces per month.

Bimetal Bearings Ltd was incorporated on April 19, 1961 and was converted

into a public limited company on September 5, 1961. The company was

established in collaboration with Clevite Corporation, USA and Repco Ltd,

Australia. In the year 1969, Clevite Corporation, USA merged with Gould Inc

USA and hence the shares held by Clevite in the company were transferred to

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Gould. In the year 1975, the company entered into a patent and technical

service agreement with Gould Inc. USA, in which the company was permitted

to manufacture such items after the expiry of collaboration without any

additional payments. In the year 1983, the company signed an export contract

with auto exports of Russia for the supply of thin walled engine bearings.

In June 1985, the company implemented the second phase of

expansion at their bearings plants and stared their commercial production. In

the year 1991, the company partially developed infrastructure facilities for

manufacture of heavy and large diameter bearings to cater to the requirements

of railways. During the year 1995-96, the aluminium tin cladding facility in

the strip mill plant at Chennai commenced its production. In the year 2000,

the company undertook upgrading their alloy plating facilities at Hosur and

the alloy power strip mill facilities were fully geared to meet the export

requirements. During the year 2000-01, the company, with a view to reduce

dependence on import of materials and increasing the access to emerging

markets, has entered into a Technology Transfer Agreement with Daido Metal

Company Ltd, Japan.

4.23.6 Carborundum Universal Limited

The company was founded in 1954 as a tripartite collaboration

between the Murugappa Group, The Carborundum Co., USA and the

Universal Grinding Wheel Co. Ltd. U.K. The company pioneered the

manufacture of coated abrasives and bonded abrasives in India in addition to

the manufacture of super refractories, electro minerals, industrial ceramics

and ceramic fibres. Today the company's range of over 20,000 different

varieties of abrasives, refractory products and electro-minerals are

manufactured in ten locations across various parts of the country. With state-

of-the art facilities and strategic alliances with global partners, this company

has achieved a reputation for quality and innovation.

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It is one of the five manufacturers in the world with fully integrated

operations that include mining, fusioning, wind and hydro power stations,

manufacturing, marketing and distribution. Almost all of this company’s ten

manufacturing facilities have received the ISO 9001:2000 accreditation for

quality standards. A well connected marketing and distribution network of

offices and warehouses in India and abroad ensure that service to customers is

given prime importance.

4.23.7 Caterpillar Limited

Caterpillar company manufactures diesel engines and generator

sets. The factory is situated at Poonapalli Village in Hosur Taluk, Tamilnadu.

The Company manufactures diesel engines for applications such as generator

sets, industrial, mining and construction equipment, marine and locomotives.

Generator sets are manufactured in various ranges and market the products

country wide. Nearly 1800 employees are employed in this company.

4.23.8 Cheslind Textiles Limited

Cheslind Textiles is a professionally managed and growth oriented

company engaged in manufacture of single, doubled and gassed yarns. The

company operates around 64704 spindles and produces 8400 million tons of

yarn per year. Cheslind textiles limited are a subsidiary of Bhilwara group

company, with corporate office in Bangalore. The main unit of the company

is located at Bagalur (Tamil Nadu) and the another unit is located at

Pondicherry. Cheslind works with quality conscious end users in Italy,

Switzerland, Portugal, Turkey, South Korea, Japan, China, USA, Egypt,

Hongkong, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Srilanka and the Middle East.

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4.23.9 Easun Reyrolle Limited

Easun Reyrolle is an acknowledged leader in the field of electrical

power management. It offers a "ONE TOUCH ACCESS" to power system

solutions, as a dependable partner to customers, in India and abroad. Whether

it be in power generation, transmission, distribution or utility, Easun Reyrolle

offers products, system, solutions and services to manage these segments with

reliability, efficiency and safety. Three Manufacturing plants in India, located

at Hosur, Bangalore and Chennai, incorporate modern state-of-the-art

production facilities and latest test equipment. Through a comprehensive

marketing and service network spread across India's vast territory, Easun

Reyrolle is able to offer its customers the exacting levels of support and

service needed to cater to their requirements.

4.23.10 Exide Industry Limited

The Company was incorporated as Associated Battery Makers

(Eastern) Ltd., on 31st January, 1947 under the Companies Act, 1913 to

purchase all or any of the assets of the business of manufacturers, buyers and

sellers of and dealers in and repairers of electrical and chemical appliances

and goods carried on by the Chloride Electric storage company (India) ltd, in

India. The name of the company was changed to Chloride India ltd on 2nd

August, 1972. The name of the company was again changed to Chloride

industries ltd. The name of the Company was further changed to Exide

industries ltd on 25th August, 1995. The Company manufactures the widest

range of storage batteries in the world. The Company has six factories

strategically located across the country – two in Maharashtra, one in West

Bengal, two in Tamil Nadu and one in Haryana.

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4.23.11 Gabriel India Limited

Gabriel India Limited has strong presence as a producer and

supplier of high quality ride control products for the Indian Automotive

Industry participating in all segments like passenger cars, utility vehicles,

commercial vehicles and two wheelers. Starting its operations in 1961, from

its factory in Mulund, Mumbai, and the Company had participated in the

development of Automotive Industry in India and increased its production

capacities through presently six facilities and establishing its brand name.

Gabriel India Ltd established in 1996 at Hosur is situated in SIPCOT Phase II

of Bangalore-Krishnagiri Highway 10KM away from Hosur with a total area

of 7.42 acres, builtup area of 75000 sq.mtr and turnover of Rs.90 crores.

4.23.12 Global Calcium Limited

Global Calcium is the world's leading producer of high quality

calcium compounds and a full range of mineral gluconates, catering to the

pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food and beverage sectors. Their client includes

all major specialty pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, consumer health, food and

beverages companies across the globe. Member of the Calcium Group of

Companies, Global Calcium has state-of-the-art 'ISO 9001:2000' certified

production facilities in Bangalore (India), that caters to the requirements of

leading conglomerates around the world meeting their need for active

compounds that are used in human and veterinary pharmaceuticals,

nutraceuticals, food and beverages, health care and cosmetics, besides a whole

lot of other technical applications. Founded in the early 1980's, Global

Calcium has today emerged as a strong and vibrant international company.

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4.23.13 Harita Techserv Limited

One of India's Trusted and Leading ISO 9001:2008 Certified

Design Engineering Solutions Company, Harita Techserv Ltd offers

customized, innovative solutions in product design engineering, highly skilled

technical engineering resources and training services for diverse industry

domains. Be it Automotive, Construction and Industrial machinery,

Aerospace and Defence, Consumer Electronics, Energy and Infrastructure or

the Healthcare equipment sectors, Harita have rich expertise in Engineering

Design, 3D Modelling and Detailing, Legacy Conversion, Engineering

Analysis, Simulation, Multi-body Dynamics, Virtual Prototyping and Testing,

Digital Manufacturing and Engineering Illustration and Publication. Over the

years, their astute team of design engineers have gained repute for their skill-

set and knowhow on sheet metal, plastics, casting, tool design, structural

integration, durability and crash analysis.

4.23.14 Hindustan Unilever Limited

Hindustan Unilever Limited is India's largest fast moving consumer

goods company with a heritage of over 75 years in India and touches the lives

of two out of three Indians. The company works to create a better future every

day and helps people feel good, look good and get more out of life with

brands and services that are good for them and good for others. With over 35

brands spanning 20 distinct categories such as soaps, detergents, shampoos,

skin care, toothpastes, deodorants, cosmetics, tea, coffee, packaged foods, ice

cream, and water purifiers, the company is a part of the everyday life of

millions of consumers across India. Its portfolio includes leading household

brands such as lux, lifebuoy, surf excel, rin, wheel, fair and lovely, pond’s,

vaseline, lakmé, dove, clinic plus, sunsilk, pepsodent, closeup, axe, brooke

bond, bru, knorr, kissan, kwality wall’s and pureit. The Company has over

16,000 employees and has an annual turnover of around Rs.19, 401 crores

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(financial year 2010 - 2011). The company is a subsidiary of Unilever, one of

the world’s leading suppliers of fast moving consumer goods with strong

local roots in more than 100 countries across the globe with annual sales of

about 44 billion in 2011.

4.23.15 Luk India Limited

The headquarters of the international LuK Group are situated in

Bühl on the edge of the black forest. Every fourth car that comes off a

production line anywhere in the world is fitted with a LuK clutch. They

produce at 18 sites in Germany, France, Brazil, the UK, India, China, Korea,

Mexico, South Africa, Hungary and the USA. Research and development are

highly valued at LuK. They have development centres of excellence, the so

called "Tech Centers", for instance in USA and in Germany. More than

10,400 employees produce nearly 17 million clutches annually for cars and

tractors, more than 5 million release systems and nearly 6.5 million dual mass

flywheels which are delivered directly to the international automotive

manufacturers and the aftermarket.

4.23.16 Micro Labs Limited

Micro Labs Limited is a multi-faceted healthcare organization with

a proficient marketing team, state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities and R

and D centres that are at par with international standards. Ranking 10th among

prescriptions and 20th in sales, Micro’s brand portfolio includes some of the

topmost brands in various specialties like Cardiology, Diabetology, Anti-

infectives, Ophthalmology, Pain, etc. Amidst their proud achievers is Dolo, an

award-winning brand highly prescribed for fever management. The company

is also at the forefront in social contribution, striving to be a model corporate

citizen in terms of Environmental Protection and Social Initiatives with

significant contributions in the areas of education and health. Micro Labs is

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poised to achieve unparalleled status in the global pharmaceutical industry.

Backed by a profound and resolute vision, they now have an eye set on

attaining the $1 billion mark by 2015.

4.23.17 Premier Mills

The Premier mills has an international reputation for quality built

over the past 60 years of innovation in the textile industry. Established in

1949, Premier Mills is a member of the Premier Group and a manufacturer

and exporter of fine combed cotton yarn, producing over 18 million kilograms

a year. With export revenues of over USD 150 million, Premier Mills is a

dominant player in the global textile market today, utilizing cutting edge

technology, high-grade raw materials and stringent quality control to deliver

only the finest products to its customers. The company is headquartered in

Coimbatore, India with a dedicated workforce of over 5000 employees.

Premier Mills uses the finest raw cotton chosen from Egypt, USA and India.

State-of-the-art machinery combined with efficient, eco-friendly

manufacturing processes and unparalleled technical expertise is the key to the

organization's growth and success. The premier group products cover a wide

range of fine combed cotton yarns, manufactured at its various mills. These

yarns are used for knitting, weaving, yarn dyeing and processing. These yarns

can also be manufactured to meet specific requirements from the customer.

4.23.18 Reckitt Benckiser Limited

Reckitt Benckiser is a British multinational consumer company

headquartered in Slough, United Kingdom. It is the world's largest

producer of household cleaning products and a major producer of

consumer healthcare and personal products. Its brands include Dettol (the

world's largest-selling antiseptic), Strepsils (the world's largest-selling sore

throat medicine), Veet (the world's largest-selling depilatory brand), Air wick

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(the world's second largest-selling air freshner), Calgon, Clearasil, Cillit

Bang, Durex and Vanish. It has operations in over 60 countries and its

products are sold in over 180 countries.

4.23.19 Spicer India Limited

Spicer India Limited, established in 1993, is a leading supplier of

axles, driveshafts and drivetrain products as well as genuine service parts. The

Company provides complete system solutions and related Aftermarket in

India and also has been the major exporter to Dana Holding Corporation.

Spicer India Limited products are marketed through a network of dealers and

retailers across the country in Aftermarket.

The Company has domestic sales of USD 151 million, exports of

USD 51 million and a customer base of virtually all major markets in the

automotive commercial vehicle segment and off - highway markets,

employing 1,025 people out of which 15 percent are women. The Company is

established as a joint venture between Dana Holding Corporation, USA and

Anand Automotive Limited.

4.23.20 Sundram Fasteners Limited

Sundram Fasteners Limited is a part of the US $5 billion TVS

Group, headquartered in Chennai, India. The Company has established a track

record of leadership over 40 years. With a diversified product line, world-

class facilities in 4 countries and motivated team of talented people, Sundram

Fasteners has become a supplier of choice to leading customers in the

automotive and industrial segments worldwide. The product range consists of

high-tensile fasteners, powder metal components, cold extruded parts, hot

forged components, radiator caps, automotive pumps, gear shifters, gears and

couplings, hubs and shafts, tappets and iron powder. Over the years, the

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Company has acquired cutting-edge technological competencies in forging,

metal forming, close-tolerance machining, heat treatment, surface finishing

and assembly. Sundram Fasteners Limited has a global manufacturing

presence that spans India, China, United Kingdom, Malaysia and Germany.

Its product range includes high tensile fasteners, cold extruded parts, powder

metal parts, iron powder, radiator caps, gear shifters, hot forged parts,

precision forged differential gears, water pumps, oil pumps, fuel pumps, belt

tensioners, rocker arm assemblies, cam followers, bearing housings, hubs and

shafts, tappets and other engine components and valve train parts. Sundram

Fasteners is the first Indian company to get ISO 9000 certification.

4.23.21 Titan Industries Limited

Titan Industries Ltd., incorporated in 1984, a joint venture between

the Tatas and the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation Limited, a

Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking. The Company has its registered

office in Hosur and its corporate office at Bangalore. Engaged in the

manufacture and marketing of quartz wristwatches since the year 1987. Since

1994, has diversified into manufacturing and marketing of precision jewellery

and jewellery watches, clocks and bracelets in separate divisions. Reported a

turnover of Rs.6797.90 crores for the year ended 2010-11.

4.23.22 TTK Prestige Limited

TTK Prestige Limited is part of TTK Group. Over the past five

decades it has emerged as India’s largest kitchen appliances company catering

to the needs of home makers in the country. Every Prestige brand product is

built on the pillars of safety, innovation, durability and trust, making the

brand the first choice in millions of homes. We always begin by

understanding the needs and requirements of our customer and then we design

and deliver innovative products. The company is one of the world’s largest

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manufacturers of Pressure Cookers and it has been forefront in introducing

several innovations like Gasket Release System, Gasket Offset Device and

Double Locking System, all firsts in India. Prestige has been responsible for

changing the cooking habits of millions in India, it has demonstrated how one

could cook meals in minutes, the healthy way. Today, it has the widest

product portfolio covering all aspects of the Kitchen making it the only brand

to offer total kitchen solutions to the customer. The product range includes

Pressure Cookers, Non-Stick Cookware, Rice Cookers, Kitchen Hoods, LP

Gas Stoves, Coffee Makers, Kettles, Sandwich Toasters and many other small

electrical appliances. The company also offers Modular Kitchen solutions

with the widest range of options in terms of design, choice of materials,

accessories and hardware. It is also the first kitchenware company in India to

receive the ISO 9001 certification. Prestige has been awarded with Selected

“Super Brand” validated by consumers and also it is the most preferred brand

in Kitchenware segment. It exports its products to USA, Europe, South

Africa, Kenya, Australia, Singapore, Middle East, Sri Lanka and many other

countries.

4.23.23 T.V.S. Motor Company Limited

Leading manufacturer of two-wheelers in the country, TVS Motor

Company, is part of the TVS Group of Companies, achieved a turnover of

Rs.2,726 crores in the year 2002-03. It manufactures the entire range of two

wheelers motorcycles, scooters and mopeds, having more than 8.4 million

satisfied customers nationwide. Around 3000 employees are employed at

Hosur plant. The factory is situated at Harita in a green campus of about 250

acres with 26,000 trees and 50 acres of green belt. Products are motorcycles:

Fiero, Victor, Max series, Scooterette, Scooty, Scooty Pep, and Mopeds.

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4.23.24 Wendt India Limited

WENDT is a group of companies whose center is the WENDTGmbH at Meerbusch, Germany. WENDT means the concentration on andspecialization in the development of grinding technologies for hard materials,such as steel, glass, hard metal, ceramic, and the polycrystalline materials.Founded in 1920 as a trading company for diamond grinding tools, thecompany WENDT developed rapidly after extending the manufacturingprogram and starting the development and production of grinding machines.Already in 1965 the first fully automatic machine for grinding the peripheryof cutting inserts was produced. At the same time the manufacturing programof machines and tools was extended. The use of robots and vision systemscombined with efficient grinding tools further strengthened the leadingposition in the specific market segments. Products are diamond grindingwheels, for tool room, wood working tools, glass grinding, vitrified tiles,ceramics, refractory, wheels for hardened steel grinding, diamond dressers,dressing rolls and honing sticks.

4.23.25 Weg Industry

WEG is an industry headquartered in Jaragua do Sul, Brazil,operating worldwide in the electric engineering, power and automationtechnology areas. The company produces electric motors, generators,transformers, drives and coatings. WEG has operations in around 100countries, with approximately 24.000 employees (2011). WEG appeared inForbes list of the 100 hundred largest small global companies of the world. Ithas been ranked by magazine Exame as the 9th most competitive company inthe American continent. WEG is the largest Latin American electric motormanufacturer. WEG products are present at almost every electric engineeringinterest area like Generation, transformers, switchgear, transmission, anddistribution. Electric products like motors, switchgear, frequency inverters,conductors, fuses, circuit breakers and servomotors, among others,Automation (Hardware and Software) and Integration Engineering withproducts of different manufacturers

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4.24 GENERAL METHODS OF TRAINING

As a result of research into the psychology of learning the role and

importance of training methods in promoting the training process has been

widely acknowledged by trainers and learners alike. Undeniably, trainers

these days rely heavily on the use of a variety of training methods in

enhancing the quality and efficiency of their presentations. Selection of the

training methods generally depends on the program objectives, the trainees

and the confidence of trainers.

Some of the general training methods used by manufacturing

companies are shown in the following Table 4.7.

Table 4.7 General Methods of Training

Training MethodsS.No.

Off – the Job On the Job

1 Lecture method Field trip method

2 Case study method Demonstration method

3 Role play method Job instruction method

4 Management games Job rotation

5 Group discussion method Pre recorded video

6 Practical assignment method Incident method

7 Formal courses method Team task

8 Brain storming method Group or Individual projects

9 Plenary discussion E – Learning

10 In – tray exercises Learning log

11 Books and manuals CoachingSource: Secondary data

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From the Table 4.7 it can be identified that training methods are oftwo types namely on-the job and off-the job. Training methods have a lot ofvariations. Some are relatively low risk methods and demand a littleinvolvement from the participants. On the other hand, there are those whosesuccess depends on active participation of the group. A judgment has to bemade as to which method is more likely to meet the required objectives. Atraining method can be understood as an instrument or a technique fordelivering training content, in pursuance of pre determined learningobjectives. The type of training method selected depends on the level oftraining. The levels of training and training methods are shown in thefollowing Table 4.8

Table 4.8 Levels and General Methods of Training with Duration

S.No

Levels of

TrainingDescription

TrainingMethods

Duration

1 Induction

Training

Training for newly employed staff, to familiarizethem with the strategic goals and functions of theirorganization and their responsibilities.

On the Job 1 week

2 Basic

Training

It takes place within an officers’ first year on the jobto enhance their skills in performing their dutieseffectively.

On the Job 1 month

3 Specialized

Training

It is a specialized training which reflects the TrainingNeeds Assessment (TNA) on a specified number ofemployees.

Off the Job 1 day – 1year

4 Extended

Training

Training given to enable officers to handle extra tasksor higher level jobs. It is more emphasized on anexperienced employee

Off the Job Up to 3years

5 Training for

special groups

Training organized for women and disabled. This isto emphasize equal opportunity for all employees.

On the Job 1 – 5days

6 Leadership anddevelopment

program

Training for experienced staff, aimed at enhancingthe officer’s employability over the long term. Ittakes place from the 8th year of service

Off the Job Half day– 7 days

7 CounterpartTraining

It is provided by foreign experts to their localcounterparts. This is done to sustain the servicesprovided by these experts upon expiry of their contracts.

On the Job Half day– 7 days

Source: Secondary data

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The above Table 4.8 gives an actual picture of the general methods

of training applied in the organization with their respective duration. It is

generally grouped into seven levels. These levels include induction, basic,

specialized, extended, special groups, leadership, development program and

counterpart training. The grouping is designed in order to cut across levels of

trainees in the company. The compiling of training methods and their duration

applied with their respect training levels reveals that the common methods of

training used are both on the job and off the job. Also the duration of training

ranges from half day to 3 years depending on training coverage.

4.25 CONCLUSION

The twenty – first century is around the corner, and training

continues to be an essential element for organizations striving for excellence.

With the new emerging organizational reality where change, competition,

work force, demographic changes and business upheavals are emenenint,

training is becoming ever more an important method that equips organizations

with the flexibility, adoptability and durability required for survival. On this

context, the need for training gains more importance in Krishnagiri district

which has a pool of manufacturing companies that render their products and

services to the global economy and has created employment opportunities for

a good number of people in this district.