Chapter 4: Review

Civil Liberties

The Bill of Rights protects Americans civil liberties

Freedom to think and act without government interference

Petition How we express ideas to the government

If you have an idea or complaint you can write a letter to your Representative

Fourth Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures

No soldier, government agent, or police officer can search your home without cause.

Double Jeopardy

Person found not guilty cannot be retried for the same crime

Sixth Amendment

Gives right to hire attorneys

Gives additional due process rights to people accused of crimes

Speedy, public trial

Bail

A sum of money used as a security deposit

Allows one to remain free until trial

Segregation

Social separation of the races

African-Americans had to sit in back of buses, sit in different sections of restaurants

Discrimination

Unfair treatment based on prejudice

"Jim Crow" laws required African-American and whites to be separated in most public places

Dr. Martin King, Jr.

Main leader of the Civil Rights Movement

Non-violence resistance

Believed in peaceful protests

Affirmative ActionEncouraged the hiring and promoting of minorities

In fields that were previously closed to them

Try to make up for past discrimination

Chapter 5 Review

Voting

How Americans give consent to the government

By electing political leaders and voting for or against proposed measures

Vandalism

Failure to respect the rights and property of others

More than disrespect, this act is a CRIME!

Active Participants

Taking an active role in the community

Communities and governments need people to be involved in order to work

Equality

Equal treatment under the law

There are no degrees of American citizenship; meaning that everyone is treated equally

Chapter 6: Review

Senators

Elected by the citizens in their states

Speaker of the House

The leader of the House of Representatives

Most powerful member of the House

President pro tempore

Acts as chairperson of Senate

Not as powerful as the Speaker of the House

Chapter 8: Review

Ninth Circuit

Judicial circuit that includes the west coast

The United States is divided into 12 judicial circuits

Jurisdiction

Court's authority to hear and decide cases

The Supreme Court has jurisdiction

in cases involving the Constitution

Violations of federal laws

Controversies between states

And others

Appeals

Reviews decisions made in lower courts

People who lose a case can appeal to a higher court

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court claimed the power of judicial review

Helped make the judicial branch equal to the executive and legislative branches

Judicial Review

Supreme Court decides if a law is constitutional or not

Established by Marbury v. Madison

Chapter 12:Review

Federal System(Federalism)

Central and state governments share power

The United States is a federal system. Alabamians are governed by the U.S. Constitution and the Alabama State Constitution

Grants-in-aid

Helps states pay for programs

States must contribute some of their own money, and follow the rules set by Congress in order to receive these grants

Chapter 13: Review

States ConstitutionsUsually sets out the powers and duties of local governments

Regulates the way local governments state and local governments can raise and spend money

Parole

Early release from prison

Secretary of State

State cabinet members vary among the states

Most Secretary of State manages elections and keeps state's records

Commute

A governor can reduce a criminal's sentence by issuing a commute

Home Rule

Allows cities to write their own charters and manage their own affairs

County

Largest territorial and political subdivision of a state

Town Meetings

Mostly used in the New England states

Form of direct democracy

Chapter 27: Review

Human Rights

Fundamental rights that belong to everyone

Include freedom form illegal imprisonment and torture

Absolute Monarchs

Hereditary rulers with unlimited authority

Ruled as they wish

Totalitarian

Government's control extends to almost all aspects of daily life

Ban political opposition, regulate what farms and industries produce

Suppress civil liberties

Republic

Representative government in which no leaders inherit office

Voters hold sovereign power

Representative democracy, republic, and constitutional republic= United States

Constitutional Monarchy

Power of the ruler is limited by a constitution and laws

Tradition and Customs

Great Britain's Constitution is based on four elements

1. Magna Carta

2. Bill of Rights

3. Laws and court decisions

4. Traditions and customs- most influenced by the people

Parliamentary

Great Britain's contribution to the world was the development of the parliamentary system

Modeled by Britain, most democratic countries follow this system of government

Authoritarian Governments

Opposite of Democratic governments

Power is held by an individual or group not accountable to the people