Chapter 4, Sections 1 and 2 Chapter 4, Sections 1 and 2

Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

MountainsMountains

• 80 percent of Greece is mountainous80 percent of Greece is mountainous• Mountains isolated Greeks from one Mountains isolated Greeks from one

anotheranother• This led communities developing unique This led communities developing unique

ways of life from their neighborsways of life from their neighbors• Communities were fiercely independent, Communities were fiercely independent,

and politicaland political• This also led to conflict and war between This also led to conflict and war between

the city statesthe city states

SeasSeas

• Aegean sea to the EastAegean sea to the East

• Mediterranean sea to the SouthMediterranean sea to the South

• Ionian sea to the WestIonian sea to the West

• As a peninsula its coastline is filled As a peninsula its coastline is filled with bays, inlets, and many natural with bays, inlets, and many natural harborsharbors

• Many island also dot the coastline of Many island also dot the coastline of GreeceGreece

Sea PeopleSea People

• Greek culture has always been tied to Greek culture has always been tied to the seathe sea

• They were great SeafarersThey were great Seafarers

• They sailed throughout the They sailed throughout the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black seaMediterranean, Aegean, and Black sea

• They set up many colonies throughout They set up many colonies throughout these areasthese areas

Minoan Minoan CivilizationCivilization

• By 2800 B.C. a By 2800 B.C. a bronze age bronze age civilization civilization develops on develops on CreteCrete

• Minoans were Minoans were not Greek, but not Greek, but were a great were a great influence on influence on them.them.

• Minoans named after King Minos. Minoans named after King Minos.

• Minoans sea empire reached Minoans sea empire reached Southern Greece and EgyptSouthern Greece and Egypt

KnossosKnossos• The center of the Minoans culture The center of the Minoans culture

was the city of Knossoswas the city of Knossos• Knossos was the center of tradeKnossos was the center of trade• Arthur Evans discovered the Arthur Evans discovered the

elaborate building it was full of elaborate building it was full of vases, ivory figurines, and jewelry.vases, ivory figurines, and jewelry.

• Brightly colored rooms with scenes of Brightly colored rooms with scenes of nature and daily lifenature and daily life

• Store rooms holding gigantic jars of Store rooms holding gigantic jars of oil, wine, and grain. oil, wine, and grain.

Beautiful WallsBeautiful Walls

Knossos re-creationKnossos re-creation

Sudden Death?Sudden Death?

• Around 1450 B.C., Minoan civilization Around 1450 B.C., Minoan civilization suffered a catastrophic and sudden suffered a catastrophic and sudden collapse.collapse.

• Some believe a tidal wave caused by Some believe a tidal wave caused by a volcanic eruption.a volcanic eruption.

• Most believe it was from invasion Most believe it was from invasion from mainland Greece by the from mainland Greece by the Mycenaean's.Mycenaean's.

Mycenae: 1600 B.C.- 1100 Mycenae: 1600 B.C.- 1100 B.C.B.C.• Mycenae was one of the main fortifications Mycenae was one of the main fortifications

of this civilization on the mainland of of this civilization on the mainland of GreeceGreece

• Indo-European peoples took over GreeceIndo-European peoples took over Greece

• Powerful Monarchs ruledPowerful Monarchs ruled

• They lived in huge palaces in the city with They lived in huge palaces in the city with huge walls protecting it. huge walls protecting it.

• Civilians usually lived outside of the city Civilians usually lived outside of the city walls. walls.

Location: Peloponnesia Location: Peloponnesia

• Views of Views of MycenaeMycenae

Warring People Warring People

• Mycenaean's Mycenaean's were a proud were a proud and warring and warring people. people.

• Murals depicted Murals depicted battles and battles and hunting most hunting most often. often.

Traders Traders

• Mycenaean's were Mycenaean's were also great tradersalso great traders

• Their pottery has Their pottery has been found been found everywhere from everywhere from Syria, Egypt, Sicily, Syria, Egypt, Sicily, Italy, and west. Italy, and west.

• What does this tell What does this tell us about their us about their culture? culture?

Trojan War Trojan War • The greatest story of The greatest story of

the Mycenaean’s was the Mycenaean’s was the Trojan war. the Trojan war.

• This story was told by This story was told by the Greek poet the Greek poet HomerHomer

• Most historians do Most historians do agree that Homer’s agree that Homer’s story does have basis story does have basis in fact.in fact.

Homer. (Not that Homer. (Not that Homer though) Homer though)

Doh!

CollapseCollapse

•1300 B.C.- Earthquakes and 1300 B.C.- Earthquakes and fighting between cities began to fighting between cities began to ruin the civilizationruin the civilization

•1200 B.C. Invaders from the North 1200 B.C. Invaders from the North moved inmoved in

•By 1100 B.C. Mycenaean By 1100 B.C. Mycenaean civilization collapsed. civilization collapsed.

Dark AgeDark Age

•1100 B.C. – 750 B.C. Greece 1100 B.C. – 750 B.C. Greece experienced a Dark Ageexperienced a Dark Age

•Farm production droppedFarm production dropped

•Population dropped Population dropped

•Many people moved to Many people moved to Islands and Ionia (Turkey) Islands and Ionia (Turkey)

ChangesChanges• Towards the end of the Dark ages there were Towards the end of the Dark ages there were

major changes thoughmajor changes though

• Iron Tools led to: Iron Tools led to:

1) Farming increase1) Farming increase

2) Population increase2) Population increase

3) Trade increase3) Trade increase

4) Weapons were more affordable4) Weapons were more affordable

Greeks also adopted the Phoenician AlphabetGreeks also adopted the Phoenician Alphabet

Reading and writing expanded as did overall Reading and writing expanded as did overall knowledge knowledge

Homer- Epic PoemsHomer- Epic Poems

• Another major development: Another major development: Epic poems by Homer. (Trojan War, Epic poems by Homer. (Trojan War,

Iliad and Odyssey) Iliad and Odyssey) The stories taught values such as The stories taught values such as

courage, and honor.courage, and honor.They were passed down from They were passed down from

generation to generationgeneration to generationAlso helped create a Greek identity Also helped create a Greek identity

Chapter 4 section 2 Chapter 4 section 2 Organization of City StatesOrganization of City States

City states were known as the “City states were known as the “PolisPolis”- ”- Town or village plus the surrounding Town or village plus the surrounding land land

Our word Politics comes from this wordOur word Politics comes from this word

• Each city state Each city state had a hill with an had a hill with an AcropolisAcropolis. This . This was usually a was usually a temple or fortified temple or fortified place of refuge.place of refuge.

• Below was the Below was the Agora,Agora, or a place or a place where people where people assembled and assembled and had a market. had a market.

• The The Acropolis Acropolis

• The AgoraThe Agora

Rival City States: Athens and Rival City States: Athens and SpartaSpartaThe 2 most powerful city-statesThe 2 most powerful city-states

SpartSpartaa•Located in PeloponnesiaLocated in Peloponnesia

•Sparta needed more landSparta needed more land

•Took over its neighbors, the Took over its neighbors, the Laconians, and the Laconians, and the Messenians. Messenians.

•They were all forced to work They were all forced to work the fields as serfs, or slaves. the fields as serfs, or slaves.

•The Spartan word for them The Spartan word for them were were Helots.Helots.

Military StateMilitary State

• In order to keep peace, they formed a In order to keep peace, they formed a military state. military state.

• 800-600 B.C. Sparta was organized in a 800-600 B.C. Sparta was organized in a rigid, militaristic manner rigid, militaristic manner

• Boys at age 7 went away to military Boys at age 7 went away to military schoolschool

• From ages 20-30 they had active military From ages 20-30 they had active military serviceservice

• Age 30 they could move home, but were Age 30 they could move home, but were still in the military until age 60still in the military until age 60

Spartans in BattleSpartans in Battle• Spartan soldiers were heavily armed Spartan soldiers were heavily armed

with a short sword, a shield, and a with a short sword, a shield, and a pike (spear) that was 9 feet long. pike (spear) that was 9 feet long.

• The soldiers fought shoulder to The soldiers fought shoulder to shoulder in a rectangle formation shoulder in a rectangle formation known as a known as a Phalanx.Phalanx. This formation This formation was very difficult to defeat, as the was very difficult to defeat, as the Spartans were extremely disciplined. Spartans were extremely disciplined.

• Spartan warriors were notorious for Spartan warriors were notorious for their bravery and fierceness in battle. their bravery and fierceness in battle.

Women’s RoleWomen’s Role• Women of Sparta were also expected Women of Sparta were also expected

to be strongto be strong

• They taught the Spartan values at They taught the Spartan values at home, and lived by them as well. home, and lived by them as well.

• “ “ Come home either carrying your Come home either carrying your shield, or being carried on it” was the shield, or being carried on it” was the saying women told their men. saying women told their men.

• Obviously, Glory was more important Obviously, Glory was more important than life itself. than life itself.

Women Continued…..Women Continued…..

•Women had many rights and Women had many rights and were highly respected in were highly respected in Spartan society, as their role Spartan society, as their role was vital to its survival.was vital to its survival.

•Weakness was not accepted Weakness was not accepted and glory was everything to the and glory was everything to the Spartans. Spartans.

Nothing But WarNothing But War

Since Spartans were all about war, Since Spartans were all about war, they did not believe nor allow the they did not believe nor allow the following:following:

•ArtArt

•PhilosophyPhilosophy

•TheaterTheater

•Travel (for fear of new ideas being Travel (for fear of new ideas being brought back to Sparta)brought back to Sparta)

AthensAthens

• Located in the State of AcadiaLocated in the State of Acadia

• Athens is the opposite of SpartaAthens is the opposite of Sparta

• Athens initially had monarchsAthens initially had monarchs

• Later an Aristocratic governmentLater an Aristocratic government

• Finally, they had Tyranny, where one Finally, they had Tyranny, where one Tyrant makes all decisionsTyrant makes all decisions

• This was not accepted because the This was not accepted because the people had no rightspeople had no rights

Athens GovernmentAthens Government• The violence between the citizens and The violence between the citizens and

the Tyrant led to the beginning of the Tyrant led to the beginning of democracy.democracy.

• Cleisthenes, a new leader created a Cleisthenes, a new leader created a council of 500 leaders to run the council of 500 leaders to run the government.government.

• The Athenian assembly was formed of The Athenian assembly was formed of male citizens who could debate and male citizens who could debate and vote on all final decisions of the vote on all final decisions of the governmentgovernment

• This was the beginning of This was the beginning of democracydemocracy

Important in AthensImportant in Athens • Athens encouraged ArtAthens encouraged Art

• Many great Many great philosophers philosophers were from Athens were from Athens including, Plato, Aristotle, and moreincluding, Plato, Aristotle, and more

• Athens believed in Democracy, or rule of Athens believed in Democracy, or rule of the peoplethe people

• ArchitectureArchitecture was also very important in was also very important in AthensAthens

• Athens was also a leader in trade Athens was also a leader in trade

• Still had a powerful army, but an even Still had a powerful army, but an even better navy, due to its trade and location on better navy, due to its trade and location on the sea. the sea.

Athenian ArtAthenian Art

Review For Section 2Review For Section 2

• 1) What two Ancient civilizations laid 1) What two Ancient civilizations laid the foundations for Greek culture? the foundations for Greek culture?

• 2) Describe how these two 2) Describe how these two civilizations influenced the Greeks. civilizations influenced the Greeks.

• 3) If you had to live in Sparta or 3) If you had to live in Sparta or Athens, which one would you choose Athens, which one would you choose and why? and why?