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Chapter 4The War for Independence
The Boston MassacrePresence of British soldiers (“redcoats”) in Boston caused hostility
More competition for jobs between colonists and poorly paid soldiers looking for work in shipyards during off-duty hours
March 5, 1770 a fistfight broke out over jobs That night, a mob gathered outside the Customs House and taunted guards
When Crispus Attucks and serveral dockhands showed up an armed fight erupted leaving him and 4 others dead
Sam Adams and other colonial agitators labeled it the Boston Massacre
Presented as a British attack on defenseless citizens
High Tensions in Massachusetts
Tensions relaxed for 2 years until 1772 when Rhode Island colonists attacked a British ship that was patrolling the coast for smugglers
The ship accidentally ran aground near Providence so the colonists boarded the ship and burned it
King George named a special commission to find the suspects and bring them to England for trial
The plan to haul Americans to England caused widespread alarm
Massachusetts and Virginia set up committees of correspondence to communicate with other colonies about various threats to American liberties
Committees formed a communication network linking leaders in all the colonies
Boston Tea PartyBritish East India Company held official monopoly on tea imports
Hit hard by the colonial boycotts and nearing bankruptcy
To save the company they devised the Tea Act:Granted the company right to sell tea to the colonies free of the taxes colonial tea seller had to pay
This would cut colonial merchants out of the trade and the East India Tea Co. could sell directly to consumers for less
They hoped colonists would buy the cheaper tea but instead they protested violently
Boston Tea PartyOn the evening of December 16, 1773 a large group of Boston rebels disguised themselves as Native Americans
Took action against three British tea ships anchored in the harbor
Dumped 18,000 pounds of tea into the Boston Harbor
The Intolerable ActsKing George III was furious by the destruction of British property
1774 Parliament responded with a series of measures the colonists called The Intolerable Acts
Law shut down Boston Harbor because colonists refused to pay for damaged tea
Quartering Act authorized British commanders to house soldiers in vacant private homes and other buildings
Boston placed under martial law- rule imposed by military force
Committees of correspondence moved into action and set up the First Continental Congress in 1774 in Philadelphia
Drew up declaration of colonial rights
Agreed to meet again in 1775 if their demands weren’t met
Fighting Erupts at Lexington and Concord
After the First Continental Congress many towns stepped up military preparations
Minutemen (civilian soldiers) began to quietly stockpile firearms and gunpowder
British General Thomas Gage became concerned about reports of large amounts of arms and munitions hidden outside of Boston
In March 1775 he sent agents towards Concord (outside of Boston) to investigate
Agents returned with detailed maps of where the weapons were possibly being held
Also reported that Sam Adams and John Hancock were staying in Lexington- 5mi east of Concord
Fighting Erupts at Lexington and Concord
Gage drew up orders to march to Concord where they were would seize and destroy all munitions they could find
Minutemen were aware the British troops would be coming due to confidential informants but didn’t know where or when
Paul Revere was sent to warn Adams and Hancock as well as townspeople along the way
On the night of April 18 Revere and 2 others set off on horse to spread the word
Guns and church bells further spread the message
Revere eventually reached and warned Adams and Hancock but soon after he was captured by British troops
British quickly released him so General Gage and troops could quickly move after realizing their cover was blown
The Second Continental Congress
May 1775- met in Philadelphia to debate their next move
John Adams suggests a radical plan: each colony set up their own gov’t and Congress would declare the colonies independent
Also stated that the minutemen should become the Continental Army and a general should be named to lead them
Debate continued into June but the Congress did decide to recognize the Continental Army and assigned George Washington to the position of general
The Congress also authorized the printing of money to pay the troops and organized a committee to deal with foreign nations
Battle of Bunker Hill Stuck in Boston, General Gage decided to attack minutemen stationed on Breed’s Hill
On June 17, 1775 Gage sent out 2,400 troops to march up the hill
Colonists began shooting down at the British With their thick wool uniforms and heavy packs the British eventually had to retreat
The British regrouped and came back for a second and third attack
The third attack was successful but only because the colonists ran low on ammunition
In the end: the colonists lost 450 men but the British suffered 1,000 causalities
The misnamed Battle of Bunker Hill would prove to be the deadliest battle of the war
Olive Branch PetitionJuly 8, 1775 the Second Continental Congress sent King George III an Olive Branch Petition
It urged a return to “the former harmony” between Britain and the colonies
King George rejected the petition and issued a proclamation:
Stated that the colonies were in rebellion
Urged Parliament to blockade the American coast with naval ships
Common SenseCommon Sense was written by colonist Thomas Paine but published anonymously
The 50-page pamphlet attacked King George III and declared that the time had come for colonists to proclaim and independent republic
Argued independence would allow America to freely trade with other nations and give Americans the chance to create a better society- free of tyranny
Sold nearly 500,000 copies and was seen as positive
Declaration of Independence
Congress created committee to draft declaration
Thomas Jefferson picked to write due to strong writing skills
July 4, 1776: Congress approved draft & John Hancock first to sign
Declaration considered revolutionary because no gov’t had been founded on principles of human liberty and consent of the governed
Inspired by John Locke
Jefferson declared that governments derive their power from the people (“consent of the governed”)
Parts of the DeclarationPart 1 (Intro)
Statement of purpose and basic human rights
Part 2 (Middle)Specific complaints against George IIIEach describes violation of political, economic and civil liberties
Part 3 (Conclusion)States determination to break from Great Britain Note how efforts for a peaceful solution had failed so no choice but to declare freedom
Americans Choose Sides
Loyalists
Remained loyal to England
Reasons people stayed loyal:
Felt a special tie to the king
Thought the British were going to win the war
Thought the king could protect their rights better than the new colonial governments
Patriots
Most followers supported because they saw economic opportunities in an independent America
Made up ½ of the population
Embraced various types of people
United States MilitaryStrengths
Familiar with territory
Leadership of George Washington and other leaders
Inspiring cause of independence
Weaknesses
Most soldiers untrained and undisciplined
Shortage of food and ammunition
Inferior navy
No central government to enforce wartime policies
Great Britain MilitaryStrengths
Strong and well-trained army and navy
Strong central government with available funds
Support of colonial Loyalists and Native Americans
Weaknesses
Large distance separating Britain from battlefields
Troops unfamiliar with terrain
Weak military leaders
Sympathy of certain British politicians for the American cause
Colonial Life During the Revolution
Congress ran out of hard money (gold and silver) so it borrowed money by selling bonds to American investors and foreign governments
Printed paper money BUT as they printed more and more its value plunged causing rising prices
Known as inflation
With the British navy blocking the coast, Americans had to smuggle weapons from Europe
Colonial Life During the Revolution
Some gov’t officials began profiteering: selling scarce goods for a profit
Corrupt merchants hoarded goods or sold defective merchandise
Demands of war also affected familiesWives of soldiers had to manage farms, shops, businesses and households
Some women participated in the war effort by mending clothes for soldiers, cooking food and making ammunition from their household silver
Colonial Life During the Revolution
Women even fought on the front lines Ludwig Hayes McCauly took her husband’s place at cannon when he was wounded
About 5,000 African Americans served in the Continental Army
Courage and loyalty impressed white Americans
European AlliesFebruary 1787 Prussian (German) captain Friedrich von Steuben volunteered his services to General Washington
Taught the army basic military strategies-field maneuvers and fire and reload quickly
French military leader Marquis de Lafayette also offered his assistance
Asked for French reinforcements in 1779 and led troops in Virginia for the last years of the war
Location of Yorktown
War Becomes a Symbol of Liberty
Revolutionary ideals set a new course for American society
During the war class differences between rich and poor began to blur together
Changes created a rise in egalitarianism: belief in the equality of all people
Brought about new idea: wealthy or family alone does not define your wealthy- also ability, virtue and effort
Egalitarianism only applied to white males- not women or African Americans