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Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?- Transport nutrients & O2 to all cells- Transport metabolic waste to kidneys & CO2 to lungs
2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system?- Gastrovascular cavity
- digestion & distribution of nutrients- 2 cell layered thick organisms – Cnidarians
Figure 42.2 Internal transport in the cnidarian Aurelia
Circularcanal
Radial canal
5 cmMouth
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?- Transport nutrients & O2 to all cells- Transport metabolic waste to kidneys & CO2 to lungs
2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system?- Gastrovascular cavity
- digestion & distribution of nutrients- 2 cell layered thick organisms – Cnidarians
- Animals with more than 2 cell layers need more
Heart
Hemolymph in sinusessurrounding ograns
Interstitialfluid
Heart
Small branch vessels in each organ
Anterior vessel
Lateral vessels
Ostia
Tubular heart
Dorsal vessel(main heart)
Ventral vessels
Auxiliary hearts
(a) An open circulatory system (b) A closed circulatory system
Figure 42.3 Open and closed circulatory systems
-Heart pump hemolymph into large cavity-VERY inefficient due to mixing of good & bad substances
-Heart pump blood through vessels in a complete circuit-More efficient & consistent
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?- Transport nutrients & O2 to all cells- Transport metabolic waste to kidneys & CO2 to lungs
2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system?- Gastrovascular cavity
- digestion & distribution of nutrients- 2 cell layered thick organisms – Cnidarians
- Animals with more than 2 cell layers need more 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts
Figure 42.4 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries
Lung capillaries Lung capillariesLung and skin capillariesGill capillaries
Right Left Right Left Right Left Systemic
circuitSystemic
circuit
Pulmocutaneouscircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
SystemiccirculationVein
Atrium (A)
Heart:ventricle (V)
Artery Gillcirculation
A
V VV VV
A A A AALeft Systemicaorta
Right systemicaorta
- 1atrium & 1 ventricle- single circuit- blood flows from gills directly to rest of the body
- BP is LOW after gill capillaries - Swimming helps blood complete the circuit
FISH
Figure 42.4 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries
Lung capillaries Lung capillariesLung and skin capillariesGill capillaries
Right Left Right Left Right Left Systemic
circuitSystemic
circuit
Pulmocutaneouscircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
SystemiccirculationVein
Atrium (A)
Heart:ventricle (V)
Artery Gillcirculation
A
V VV VV
A A A AALeft Systemicaorta
Right systemicaorta
- 2 atria & 1 ventricle - Double circulation- blood flows from ventricle to pulmocutaneous circuit, back to the heart & then from the same ventricle to the systemic capillaries
- Mixing of blood in ventricle is INEFFICIENT
AMPHIBIANS
Figure 42.4 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries
Lung capillaries Lung capillariesLung and skin capillariesGill capillaries
Right Left Right Left Right Left Systemic
circuitSystemic
circuit
Pulmocutaneouscircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
SystemiccirculationVein
Atrium (A)
Heart:ventricle (V)
Artery Gillcirculation
A
V VV VV
A A A AALeft Systemicaorta
Right systemicaorta
- 2 atria & 1 ventricle- pulmonary circuit since skin is dry- 90% ridge between right & left ventricles- ridge is complete in crocodilians
- Mixing of blood in ventricle is less
REPTILES
Figure 42.4 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries
Lung capillaries Lung capillariesLung and skin capillariesGill capillaries
Right Left Right Left Right Left Systemic
circuitSystemic
circuit
Pulmocutaneouscircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
SystemiccirculationVein
Atrium (A)
Heart:ventricle (V)
Artery Gillcirculation
A
V VV VV
A A A AALeft Systemicaorta
Right systemicaorta
- 2 atria & 2 ventricles- no mixing of O2-rich & O2 poor blood- 2 complete circuits – pulmonary & systemic
MAMMALS
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?- Transport nutrients & O2 to all cells- Transport metabolic waste to kidneys & CO2 to lungs
2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system?- Gastrovascular cavity
- digestion & distribution of nutrients- 2 cell layered thick organisms – Cnidarians
- Animals with more than 2 cell layers need more 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts4. What is the route of blood flow through our circulatory system?
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Posteriorvena cava
Capillaries ofabdominal organsand hind limbs
Aorta
Left ventricle
Left atrium
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonaryartery
Capillariesof left lung
Capillaries ofhead and forelimbs
Anteriorvena cava
Pulmonaryartery
Capillariesof right lung
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
1
10
11
5
4
6
2
9
33
7
8
Figure 42.5 The mammalian cardiovascular system: an overview
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open
& closed circulatory system?3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system?
1. Right ventricle2. Pulmonary artery 3. Pulmonary capillaries4. Left atrium5. Left ventricle6. Aorta7. Capillaries above heart – head & arms8. Capillaries below heart – abdominal organs & legs9. Anterior vena cava – from above heart10. Posterior vena cava – from below heart 11. Right atrium
5. How does structure fit function of the heart?
Figure 42.6 The mammalian heart: a closer look
Aorta
Pulmonaryartery
Leftatrium
Pulmonaryveins
Semilunarvalve
Atrioventricularvalve
Left ventricleRight ventricle
Anterior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Semilunarvalve
Atrioventricularvalve
Posterior vena cava
Pulmonaryveins
Right atrium
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open
& closed circulatory system?3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system?5. How does structure fit function of the heart?
- Atria have thin walls – only pump to ventricles below- Ventricles have THICK walls – left is thickest- Valves prevent back flow
- Atrioventricular valves – between atria & ventricles - Semilunar valves - between ventricles & exit vessels
6. How is the heart beat controlled?
Figure 42.8 The control of heart rhythm
SA node(pacemaker)
AV node Bundlebranches
Heartapex
Purkinjefibers
1 2 Signals are delayedat AV node.
Pacemaker generates wave of signals to contract.
3 Signals passto heart apex.
4 Signals spreadthroughoutventricles.
ECG
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open
& closed circulatory system?3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system?5. How does structure fit function of the heart?
- Atria have thin walls – only pump to ventricles below- Ventricles have THICK walls – left is thickest- Valves prevent back flow
- Atrioventricular valves – between atria & ventricles - Semilunar valves - between ventricles & exit vessels
6. How is the heart beat controlled?7. How does blood flow through our vessels?
Artery Vein
100 µm
Artery Vein
ArterioleVenule
Connectivetissue
Smoothmuscle
Endothelium
Connectivetissue
Smoothmuscle
EndotheliumValve
Endothelium
Basementmembrane
Capillary
Figure 42.9 The structure of blood vessels
Figure 42.10 Blood flow in veins
Direction of blood flowin vein (toward heart)
Valve (open)
Skeletal muscle
Valve (closed)
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open
& closed circulatory system?3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system?5. How does structure fit function of the heart?6. How is the heart beat controlled?7. How does blood flow through our vessels?8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity?
Figure 42.11 The interrelationship of blood flow velocity, cross-sectional area of blood vessels, and blood pressure
5,0004,0003,0002,0001,000
0
5040302010
0
120100806040200
Aor
ta
Art
erie
s
Art
erio
les
Cap
illar
ies
Ven
ules
Vei
ns
Ven
ae c
avae
Pre
ssur
e (m
m H
g)V
eloc
ity (
cm/s
ec)
Are
a (c
m2 )
Systolicpressure
Diastolicpressure
- Capillaries increase surface area
- Cells flow through single file
- Slow flow means better ability for exchange
Figure 42.14 Fluid exchange between capillaries and the interstitial fluid
At the arterial end of acapillary, blood pressure is
greater than osmotic pressure,and fluid flows out of the
capillary into the interstitial fluid.
Capillary Redbloodcell
15 m
Tissue cell INTERSTITIAL FLUID
CapillaryNet fluidmovement out
Net fluidmovement in
Direction of blood flow
Blood pressureOsmotic pressure
Inward flow
Outward flow
Pre
ssu
re
Arterial end of capillary Venule end
At the venule end of a capillary, bloodpressure is less than osmotic pressure, and fluid flows from the interstitial fluid into the capillary.
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open
& closed circulatory system?3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system?5. How does structure fit function of the heart?6. How is the heart beat controlled?7. How does blood flow through our vessels?8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity?9. What is blood made of?
Plasma 55%
Constituent Major functions
Water Solvent forcarrying othersubstances
SodiumPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumChlorideBicarbonate
Osmotic balancepH buffering, andregulation of membranepermeability
Albumin
Fibringen
Immunoglobulins(antibodies)
Plasma proteins
Icons (blood electrolytes
Osmotic balance,pH buffering
Clotting
Defense
Substances transported by bloodNutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)Waste products of metabolismRespiratory gases (O2 and CO2)Hormones
Cellular elements 45%
Cell type Numberper L (mm3) of blood
Separatedbloodelements
Functions
Erythrocytes(red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport oxygen
and help transportcarbon dioxide
Leukocytes(white blood cells)
5,000–10,000 Defense andimmunity
Eosinophil
Basophil
Platelets
Neutrophil Monocyte
Lymphocyte
250,000400,000
Blood clotting
Figure 42.15 The composition of mammalian blood
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open
& closed circulatory system?3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system?5. How does structure fit function of the heart?
- Atria have thin walls – only pump to ventricles below- Ventricles have THICK walls – left is thickest- Valves prevent back flow
- Atrioventricular valves – between atria & ventricles - Semilunar valves - between ventricles & exit vessels
6. How is the heart beat controlled?7. How does blood flow through our vessels?8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity?9. What is blood made of?10. Where do blood cells originate?
Figure 42.16 Differentiation of blood cells
B cells T cells
Lymphoidstem cells
Pluripotent stem cells(in bone marrow)
Myeloidstem cells
Erythrocytes
Platelets Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Ch 43
Erythropoeitin (EPO) – kidney hormone released in response to low O2 to stimulate production of erythrocytes
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open
& closed circulatory system?3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system?5. How does structure fit function of the heart?6. How is the heart beat controlled?7. How does blood flow through our vessels?8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity?9. What is blood made of?10. Where do blood cells originate?11. How does blood clot?
Plateletplug
Collagen fibers
Platelet releases chemicalsthat make nearby platelets sticky
Clotting factors from:PlateletsDamaged cellsPlasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K)
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin5 µm
Fibrin clot Red blood cell
The clotting process begins when the endothelium of a vessel is damaged, exposing connective tissue in the vessel wall to blood. Plateletsadhere to collagen fibers in the connective tissue and release a substance thatmakes nearby platelets sticky.
1 The platelets form a plug that providesemergency protectionagainst blood loss.
2This seal is reinforced by a clot of fibrin when vessel damage is severe. Fibrin is formed via amultistep process: Clotting factors released fromthe clumped platelets or damaged cells mix withclotting factors in the plasma, forming an activation cascade that converts a plasma proteincalled prothrombin to its active form, thrombin.Thrombin itself is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step of the clotting process, the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The threads of fibrin become interwoven into a patch (see colorized SEM).
3
Figure 42.17 Blood clotting
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open
& closed circulatory system?3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system?5. How does structure fit function of the heart?6. How is the heart beat controlled?7. How does blood flow through our vessels?8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity?9. What is blood made of?10. Where do blood cells originate?11. How does blood clot?12. What are some CV diseases?
- >50% of deaths due to CV disease- LDLs – low-density lipoproteins - bad cholesterol
- Associated with arterial plaques- HDLs – high-density lipoproteins – good cholesterol
- Reduce deposition of cholesterol
Figure 42.18 Atherosclerosis
(a) Normal artery (b) Partly clogged artery50 µm 250 µm
Smooth muscleConnective tissue Endothelium Plaque
- Atherosclerosis – cholesterol plaques in arteries slows blood flow
- Arteriosclerosis – hardening of the arteries due to Ca+2 added to plaques
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open
& closed circulatory system?3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system?5. How does structure fit function of the heart?6. How is the heart beat controlled?7. How does blood flow through our vessels?8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity?9. What is blood made of?10. Where do blood cells originate?11. How does blood clot?12. What are some CV diseases?
- LDLs – low-density lipoproteins - bad cholesterol- HDLs – high-density lipoproteins – good cholesterol- Hypertension – high BP- Heart attack – death of heart muscle due to blocked coronary arteries- Stroke – death of nervous tissue in brain due to blocked brain arteries