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Chapter 45: Hormones & the Chapter 45: Hormones & the Endocrine SystemEndocrine System
Regulatory systemsRegulatory systemsNervous systemNervous system
High speed messagesHigh speed messagesEndocrine systemEndocrine system
Slower; longer lastingSlower; longer lastingResult of hormone secretionResult of hormone secretion
Connections between Nervous & Connections between Nervous & endocrine systemsendocrine systemsNeurosecretory cellsNeurosecretory cells
Nerve cells that release hormonesNerve cells that release hormonesConcentrated in hypothalamusConcentrated in hypothalamus
Some hormones act as neurotransmittersSome hormones act as neurotransmittersEx: epinephrineEx: epinephrine
HormonesHormones Chemical signal secreted into circulatory Chemical signal secreted into circulatory
system through ductless glandssystem through ductless glands Action of hormonesAction of hormones
Operate at all levels of organizationOperate at all levels of organization Intracellular, cell to cell, organ to organ, Intracellular, cell to cell, organ to organ,
organism to organism (pheromones)organism to organism (pheromones) Produce developmental changeProduce developmental change
Ex. pubertyEx. puberty Metamorphosis (insects & amphibians)Metamorphosis (insects & amphibians)
IncompleteIncomplete EggEggnymphnymphadult (grasshoppers)adult (grasshoppers)
CompleteComplete EggEgglarvalarvapupapupaadult (butterfly)adult (butterfly)
Regulation of hormonesRegulation of hormones Negative feedbackNegative feedback
Increase in substance inhibits its own productionIncrease in substance inhibits its own production Ex. Metabolic controlEx. Metabolic control
Positive feedbackPositive feedback Increase in substance increases its own productionIncrease in substance increases its own production Ex. Release of milk in nursing motherEx. Release of milk in nursing mother
Local regulatorsLocal regulators HistaminesHistamines
Chemical from local cell for antigen-antibody response Chemical from local cell for antigen-antibody response (allergies)(allergies)
InterleukinsInterleukins Cytokine acting as communicator between immune cellsCytokine acting as communicator between immune cells
ProstaglandinsProstaglandins Modified fatty acid which stimulates contraction of Modified fatty acid which stimulates contraction of
smooth muscles, induces fever & blood flow to infection smooth muscles, induces fever & blood flow to infection sitessites
Classes of molecules acting as Classes of molecules acting as hormoneshormones Proteins & peptides; HProteins & peptides; H22O solubleO soluble Amines (derived from amino acids); HAmines (derived from amino acids); H22O O
solublesoluble Steroids; non- HSteroids; non- H22O solubleO soluble
Events of hormone actionEvents of hormone action Reception (signal binds to receptor Reception (signal binds to receptor
protein in or on target cell)protein in or on target cell) Water soluble hormones bind to surface Water soluble hormones bind to surface
receptor triggering activation of internal receptor triggering activation of internal proteins in transduction pathwayproteins in transduction pathway
Steroid hormones enter cell & bind to internal Steroid hormones enter cell & bind to internal receptor which enters nucleus to activate receptor which enters nucleus to activate genesgenes
Signal transductionSignal transduction responseresponse
Endocrine GlandEndocrine Gland HormoneHormone Effect on target Effect on target tissuetissue
Anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)(adenohypophysis)
FSHFSH Stimulate growth of Stimulate growth of ovarian follicle & ovarian follicle & sperm productionsperm production
LHLH Stimulate ovulation; Stimulate ovulation; secretion of sex secretion of sex hormones by hormones by ovaries/testesovaries/testes
ProlactinProlactin Induces milk Induces milk secretion in secretion in mammary glandsmammary glands
TSHTSH Stimulate throxin Stimulate throxin production by thyroidproduction by thyroid
ACTHACTH Stimulate adrenal Stimulate adrenal cortex to produce cortex to produce cortisonecortisone
GHGH Stimulate growthStimulate growth
MSHMSH Regulation of Regulation of pigment in skin cells; pigment in skin cells; inhibits hungerinhibits hunger
Beta endorphinBeta endorphin Dull pain perceptionDull pain perception
Endocrine GlandEndocrine Gland HormoneHormone Effect on Target Effect on Target tissuetissue
Posterior pituitary Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)(neurohypophysis)
ADHADH Stimulate increased Stimulate increased HH22O absorption by O absorption by kidneys; constrict kidneys; constrict blood vesselsblood vessels
OxytocinOxytocin Stimulate uterine Stimulate uterine contractions & contractions & release of milkrelease of milk
Thyroid glandThyroid gland Thyroxin (T4) & Thyroxin (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)Triiodothyronine (T3)
Stimulate oxidative Stimulate oxidative metabolismmetabolism
CalcitoninCalcitonin Regulation of calcium Regulation of calcium & phosphate blood & phosphate blood levelslevels
Parathyroid glandParathyroid gland Parathormone (PTH)Parathormone (PTH) Controls abosorption Controls abosorption of Ca & P from blood; of Ca & P from blood; stimulates release of stimulates release of Ca from boneCa from bone
ThymusThymus ThymosinThymosin Stimulates production Stimulates production of T lymphocytesof T lymphocytes
Adrenal cortexAdrenal cortex Cortisone*Cortisone* Regulate H2O Regulate H2O reabsorption, reabsorption, electrolyte balance, electrolyte balance, protein & protein & carbohydrate carbohydrate metabolismmetabolism
Endocrine glandEndocrine gland HormoneHormone Effect on target Effect on target tissuetissue
Adrenal medullaAdrenal medulla Epinephrine & Epinephrine & norepinephrinenorepinephrine
Raises blood glucose Raises blood glucose levels; increases levels; increases metabolic activity; metabolic activity; constricts blood constricts blood vesselsvessels
Pancreas (islet of Pancreas (islet of Langerhans)Langerhans)
Insulin (beta cells)Insulin (beta cells) Stimulates uptake of Stimulates uptake of glucose by cellsglucose by cells
Glucagon (alpha cells)Glucagon (alpha cells) Converts glycogen Converts glycogen into glucoseinto glucose
OvariesOvaries Estrogen*Estrogen* Stimulate female Stimulate female secondary sex secondary sex characteristics; build characteristics; build uterine lininguterine lining
Progesterone*Progesterone* Maintain pregnancyMaintain pregnancy
TestesTestes Testosterone*Testosterone* Stimulate male Stimulate male secondary sex secondary sex characteristicscharacteristics
PinealPineal MelatoninMelatonin Biological rhythmsBiological rhythms
*denotes steroid hormone
Endocrine DisordersEndocrine Disorders ThyroidThyroid
CretinismCretinism Under secretion of thyroxin in uteroUnder secretion of thyroxin in utero
GoiterGoiter Enlarged gland usually related to hypothyroidismEnlarged gland usually related to hypothyroidism
Graves diseaseGraves disease Most common form of hyperthyroidismMost common form of hyperthyroidism AutoimmuneAutoimmune
Hashimoto’s diseaseHashimoto’s disease Most common form of hypothyroidismMost common form of hypothyroidism autoimmuneautoimmune
PituitaryPituitary DwarfismDwarfism
Under secretion of GH in childUnder secretion of GH in child GiantismGiantism
Over secretion of GH in childOver secretion of GH in child Acromegaly Acromegaly
Over secretion of GH in adultOver secretion of GH in adult
PancreasPancreas Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus
Type I (insulin dependant)Type I (insulin dependant) AutoimmuneAutoimmune Beta cells destroyed; little to no insulin productionBeta cells destroyed; little to no insulin production
Type IIType II Reduced responsiveness of target cells to insulinReduced responsiveness of target cells to insulin Controlled through diet & exerciseControlled through diet & exercise Accounts for >90% of diabetes casesAccounts for >90% of diabetes cases
Adrenal glandAdrenal gland Addison’s diseaseAddison’s disease
Under-secretion of ACTHUnder-secretion of ACTH