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FORM 5 Chemistry β’ MODULENilam
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163
1 The reaction between calcium nitrate solution and sodium carbonate solution is endothermic.Which of the followingenergy level diagrams represents this reaction?
Tindak balas antara larutan kalsium nitrat dengan larutan natrium karbonat adalah endotermik. Antara gambar rajah aras tenaga berikut, yang manakah mewakili tindak balas itu?
A Energy / Tenaga
Ca2+ + CO32-
CaCO3
B
Ca2+ + CO32-
CaCO3
Energy / Tenaga
C
Na+ + NO3-
NaNO3
Energy / Tenaga
D
Na+ + NO3-
NaNO3
Energy / Tenaga
2 The combustion of methane in excess oxygen produces carbondioxideandwater.Bondbreakingandbondformationoccursduringthecombustion.Whichofthefollowingoccurswith absorption of energy during this combustion process?
Pembakaran metana dalam oksigen berlebihan menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air. Pemecahan ikatan dan pembentukan ikatan berlaku semasa pembakaran. Antara berikut, yang manakah berlaku dengan penyerapan tenaga semasa pembakaran?
A Bond formation between carbon atom and oxygen atom./Pembentukan ikatan antara atom karbon dengan atom oksigen.
B Bond formation between hydrogen atom and oxygen atom./Pembentukan ikatan antara atom hidrogen dengan atom oksigen.
C Bond breaking in oxygen molecule to form oxygen atom./Pemecahan ikatan dalam molekul oksigen menjadi atom oksigen.
D Bondbreakingbetweenmethanemolecules.Pemecahan ikatan dalam kovalen antara molekul-molekul metana.
3 Which of the following reactions absorbs heat from the surrounding? / Antara tindak balas berikut, yang manakah mengalami penurunan suhu?
A Dilute sulphuric acid is added to sodium hydroxide solution./Asid sulfurik cair ditambah kepada larutan natrium hidroksida.
B Solidammoniumnitrateisdissolvedinwater.Pepejal ammonium nitrat dilarut dalam air.
C Zincpowderisaddedtocopper(II)sulphatesolution.Serbuk zink ditambah kepada larutan kuprum(II)sulfat.
D Apieceofpotassiumisaddedtowater.Seketul kalium ditambah kepada air.
4 The diagram below shows the energy level diagram for the reactionbetweenPandQ.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas antara P dan Q.
P + Q β R + S βH = x kJ molβ1
200 kJ
P + Q
70 kJR + S
Energy / Tenaga
What is the value of x? / Apakah nilai x?
A +270 kJ
B +200 kJ
C β130 kJ
D +130 kJ
5 When 1 mol of solid sodium nitrate, NaNO3 is dissolved in 1 dm3 ofwater, 40 kJ of heat energy is absorbed.What isthe drop in temperature when 17.0 g of sodium nitrate isdissolved in 1 dm3 of water?
(Relativeatomicmass:N=14,O=16,Na=23,specificheatcapacityofwater=4Jg-1 Β°C-1, density of water = 1 g cm-3)
Apabila 1 mol pepejal natrium nitrat, NaNO3 dilarutkan dalam 1 dm3
air, haba sebanyak 40 kJ diserap. Berapakah penurunan suhu apabila 17.0 g natrium nitrat dilarutkan dalam 1 dm3 air?
(Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Na = 23, Muatan haba tentu air = 4 J gβ1 Β°C-1, ketumpatan air = 1 g cmβ3)
A 1ΒΊC
B 2ΒΊC
C 4ΒΊC
D 8ΒΊC
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / SOALAN OBJEKTIF
MODULE β’ Chemistry FORM 5N
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6 In an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation ofcalcium carbonate, 50 cm3 of 1 mol dmβ3 calcium nitrate solution is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dmβ3 sodium carbonate solution. The temperature of the mixture drops by 1.5Β°C.What is the heat of precipitation of calcium carbonate? (Specificheatcapacityofwater=4.2Jgβ1 ΒΊCβ1)
Dalam satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pemendakan bagi kalsium karbonat, 50 cm3 larutan kalsium nitrat 1 mol dmβ3 dicampur dengan 50 cm3 larutan natrium karbonat 1 mol dmβ3. Suhu campuran menurun sebanyak 1.5 Β°C. Berapakah haba pemendakan kalsium karbonat? (Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 J gβ1 Β°Cβ1)
A 50Γ4.2Γ1.5βββββββββββββ0.05
J
B 100 Γ 4.2 Γ 1.5J
C 100Γ4.2Γ1.5βββββββββββββ0.05
J
D 50 Γ 4.2 Γ 1.5J
7 Combustionof1.6gofmethanolwillincreasethetemperatureof 500 cm3 of water by 17Β°C.Whatwillbe the increase intemperature of 250 cm3 of water when 3.2 g of methanolis burnt? Pembakaran 1.6 g metanol dapat menaikkan suhu 500 cm3 air sebanyak 17Β°C. Berapakah kenaikan suhu bagi 250 cm3 air apabila 3.2 g metanol dibakar?
A 8.5ΒΊC
B 17ΒΊC
C 34ΒΊC
D 68ΒΊC 8 Heat of combustion of liquid paraffin is 10 600 kJ molβ1.
Relative molecular mass of paraffin that is 212. What isthe mass of liquid paraffin has to be burnt to increase the temperature of 1 dm3 of water from 30Β°C to 90Β°C? (Specific heatcapacityofwater=4Jgβ1 Β°Cβ1)
Haba pembakaran bagi suatu cecair parafin ialah 10 600 kJ molβ1. Jisim molekul relatif bagi parafin ialah 212. Berapakah jisim cecair parafin yang mesti dibakar supaya dapat menaikkan suhu 1 dm3 air daripada 30Β°C kepada 90Β°C? (Muatan haba tentu air = 4 J gβ1 Β°Cβ1)
A 0.48g
B 0.96g
C 4.80g
D 9.60g
9 An experiment is conducted to determine the heat of neutralisation for the reaction between sulphuric acid and potassiumhydroxidesolution.Theinformationthathastobegathered from the experiment are
Satu eksperimen dilakukan untuk menentukan haba peneutralan antara asid sulfurik dengan larutan kalium hidroksida. Maklumat yang perlu diperoleh daripada eksperimen ialah
I theincreaseintemperatureofthereactionmixture kenaikan suhu campuran tindak balasII thevolumeofbothsolutionsused isi padu kedua-dua larutan yang digunakanIII specificheatcapacityofthereactionmixture muatan haba tentu larutan bagi campuran tindak balasIV concentrationofboththesolutionsused kepekatan kedua-dua larutan yang digunakan
A IandIIonlyIdanIIsahaja
B IIIandIVonlyIIIdanIVsahaja
C I,IIandIVonlyI,IIdanIVsahaja
D I,II,IIIandIVI,II,IIIdanIV
10 When 100 cm3 of 1 mol dmβ3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to 100 cm3 of 1 mol dmβ3 nitric acid, the temperature of the mixture increases by xΒ°C. Whatis the increase in the temperature when 50 cm3 of 1 mol dmβ3 sodium hydroxide solution is added to 50 cm3 of 1 mol dmβ3 nitric acid?
Apabila 100 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah dengan 100 cm3 asid nitrik 1 mol dmβ3, suhu campuran tindak balas naik sebanyak xΒ°C. Apakah kenaikan suhu apabila 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dmβ3 ditambah dengan 50 cm3 asid nitrik 1 mol dmβ3?
A x4 Β°C
B x2 Β°C
C xΒ°C
D 2xΒ°C
5 CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMERSBahan Kimia untuk Pengguna
ANALYSING SOAP AND DETERGENT / MENGANALISIS SABUN DAN DETERGEN
β’ Statewhatsoapis Menyatakan maksud sabunβ’ Statewhatdetergentis Menyatakan maksud detergenβ’ Describesoappreparationprocess Menghuraikan proses penyediaan sabunβ’ Describedetergentpreparationprocess Menghuraikan proses pernyediaan detergenβ’ Describethecleansingactionofsoap Menerangkan tindakan pembersihan sabunβ’ Describethecleansingactionofdetergent Menerangkan tindakan pembersihan detergenβ’ Compareandcontrasttheeffectivenessofthecleansingactionofsoapanddetergent Membanding dan membezakan keberkesanan tindakan pembersihan sabun dengan detergenβ’ Identifytheadditivesinsoapanddetergentandtheirrespectivefunctions Mengenal pasti bahan-bahan tambah dalam sabun dan detergen dan kegunaannya
EVALUATING THE USE OF FOOD ADDITIVES
MENILAI PENGGUNAAN BAHAN TAMBAH MAKANAN
β’ State the types of food additive and their examples Menyatakan jenis-jenis bahan tambah makanan dan contoh-contohnyaβ’ State the functions of each type of food additive Menyatakan fungsi bagi setiap jenis bahan tambah makananβ’ Justify the use of food additive Menjustifikasi penggunaan bahan tambah makananβ’ Describe the effect of food additive on health and environment Menerangkan kesan bahan tambah makanan kepada kesihatan dan alam sekitar
UNDERSTANDING MEDICINE
MEMAHAMI UBAT-UBATAN
β’ State examples of traditional medicine, their sources and uses Menyatakan contoh-contoh ubat tradisional, sumber dan kegunaannyaβ’ State the types of modern medicine and their examples Menyatakan jenis-jenis ubat-ubatan moden dan contohnyaβ’ Describe the possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicine Menghuraikan kesan-kesan sampingan penggunaan ubat-ubatan moden dan tradisionalβ’ Describe the correct usage of modern and traditional medicine Menghuraikan penggunaan ubat-ubatan moden dan tradisional yang betul
BAHAN KIMIA UNTUK PENGGUNA
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Soap / Sabun
1 Soaps are sodium or potassium saltβββββββββββoffattyacids. Sabun ialah garamββββββββ natrium atau kalium bagi asid lemak.
2 Fatty acids are organic acid with long carbon chain CnH2n + 1COOH,n>10.Fattyacidfoundnaturallyasanesterwithalcoholglycerol(alcoholwith3OH).Ester of fatty acid with glycerol is fat or oil. / Asid lemak ialah asid organik yang mempunyai rantai karbon C
nH
2n + 1COOH, n > 10. Asid lemak boleh didapati secara semula jadi sebagai ester dengan alkohol
gliserol. (alkohol dengan 3 OH). Ester bagi asid lemak ialah lemak atau minyak.
3 Soappreparationbysaponification:/Penyediaan sabun melalui proses saponifikasi:a. Soap can be prepared from animalβββββββββββ fats and vegetableβββββββββββ oils. Sabun boleh dihasilkan daripada lemak binatangβββββββββ dan minyak sayuranββββββββ . b. Soap are prepared by hydrolysing fats/oils in potassium hydroxideββββββββββββββββββββββββ or sodium hydroxideβββββββββββββββββ solution,
the reaction is called saponificationβββββββββββββββββ . / Sabun boleh disediakan dengan hidrolisis lemak/minyak dalam larutan kalium hidroksidaββββββββββββββββ atau natrium hidroksidaββββββββββββββββ , tindak balas ini dipanggil saponifikasiββββββββββββββββ .
c. The saponification process involves boilingβββββββββββ fats or oils with concentratedββββββββββββββ sodium hydroxide solutionβββββββββββ or potassium hydroxide solutionβββββββββββ. The products are glycerol and the salts of fatty acids which
are soaps: Proses saponikasiββββββββββββββββ melibatkan pendidihanββββββββββββββββ lemak atau minyak dengan larutanββββββββ natrium hidroksida
atau larutanββββββββ kalium hidroksida yang pekatββββββββ . Hasilnya adalah gliserol dan garam dari asid lemak iaitu sabun:
Fats/oil(ESTER)
Lemak/minyak(ESTER)
+Sodium hydroxide
(ALKALI)Natrium hidroksida
(ALKALI)
SaponificationSaponifikasi
Glycerol(ALCOHOL)
Gliserol(ALKOHOL)
+Sodium salt of fatty acid
(SOAP)Garam natrium dari asid lemak
(SABUN)
d. Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
H O
H C O C R
O
H C O C Rβ
O
H C O C Rβ
H
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H
+ 3NaOH +
O
R C O-Na+
O
Rβ C O-Na+
O
Rβ C O-Na+
Fat/oilLemak/minyak
Salt of fatty acidGaram dari asid lemak
GlycerolGliserol
Sodium hydroxideNatrium hidroksida
β’ R, Rβ andRβ are long hydrocarbon chain (alkyl group). R, Rβ andRβ can be from the same or differentgroups.
R, Rβ dan Rβ adalah rantai hidrokarbon panjang (kumpulan alkil). R, Rβ dan Rβ boleh berada dalam kumpulan yang sama ataupun berbeza.
e. Formula for soap: / Formula bagi sabun:i. Structural formula for soap: / Formula struktur sabun:
O
CH3(CH2)n C OβNa+ or / atau
O
CH3(CH2)n C OβK+
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ii. The general formula of soap: / Formula am sabun:
RCOOβ Na+ oratau RCOOβK+, where R is alkyl group, CnH2n + 1, n > 10
di mana R ialah kumpulan alkil, CnH2n + 1, n > 10
f. Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
Fatty acid / Asid lemak Soap / Sabun Formula for soapFormula bagi sabun
Oil or fat usedMinyak atau lemak yang digunakan
C11H23COOHLauric acid / Asid laurik
Sodium laurateNatrium laurat
C11H23COONa Coconut oilMinyak kelapa
C15H31COOHPalmitic acid / Asid
palmitik
Sodium palmitateNatrium palmitat
C15H31COONa Palm oilMinyak sawit
C17H34COOHStearic acid / Asid stearik
Sodium stearateNatrium stearat
C17H34COONa Animal fatsLemak binatang
Preparing a Sample of Soap in the Laboratory / Menyediakan Sabun dalam Makmal
Materials: Palm oil, sodium chloride, 5 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, distilled water Bahan-bahan: Minyak sawit, natrium klorida, natrium hidroksida 5 mol dmβ3, air suling Apparatus: Beaker, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, filter paper, filter funnel, spatula. Alat radas: Bikar, rod kaca, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, kertas turas, corong penuras dan spatula. Set-up of apparatus: / Susunan alat radas:
Palm oil + concentrated sodium hydroxideMinyak sawit + natrium hidroksida pekat
HeatPanaskan
Procedure: / Prosedur:i. 10 cm3 of palm oil is measuredβββββββββββ and pouredβββββββββββ into a beaker. 10 cm3 minyak sawit disukatβββββββββββ dan dituangβββββββββββ ke dalam bikar.
ii. 50 cm3 of 5 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solutionβββββββββββ is measuredβββββββββββ and addedβββββββββββ to the palm oilβββββββββββ. 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 5 mol dm-3 disukatβββββββββββ dan ditambahβββββββββββ kepada minyak sawitβββββββββββββββ .
iii. The mixtureβββββββββββ is heatedβββββββββββ while being constantly stirredββββββββ with a glass rodββββββββββββββ until it boilsββββββββ. Campuranβββββββββββ tersebut dipanaskanβββββββββββ sambil dikacauβββββββββββ dengan berterusan menggunakan rod kacaβββββββββββsehingga
mendidihβββββββββββ.
iv. The boilingβββββββββββ is continued for about 5 minutes. Pendidihanβββββββββββ diteruskan selama 5 minit.
v. 100 cm3βββββββββββ distilled water and three spatulas of sodium chloride are added to the mixture.
100 cm3βββββββββββ air suling dan tiga spatula natrium kloridaβββββββββββββββ ditambah kepada campuran.
vi. The mixture is boiledβββββββββββ again for another fiveβββββββββββ minutes with constant stirringβββββββββββ. Campuran dididihkanβββββββββββ sekali lagi selama limaβββββββββββ minit sambil dikacauβββββββββββ dengan sekata.
vii. The mixture is allowed to coolβββββββββββ. / Campuran tersebut dibiarkan menyejukβββββββββββ.
viii. The cooledββββββββ mixture is filteredββββββββ and the residue is rinsedβββββββ with distilled water. (The residue is soapββββββ .) Campuran yang telah disejukkanβββββββββββ tersebut diturasβββββββ dan bakinya dibilasβββββββ dengan air suling. (Baki itu ialah sabunβββββββ .)ix. The residue is pressedβββββββββββ between a few pieces of filter paper to dryβββββββββββ the soap. Baki tersebut ditekanβββββββββββ di antara beberapa helai kertas turas untuk mengeringkanββββββββββββββ sabun tersebut.x. A small amount of soap is added to 2 cm3 of water in a test tube. The test tube is shaken. Sedikit sabun ditambahkan kepada 2 cm3 air di dalam tabung uji. Tabung uji digoncangkan.xi. The solution formed is touched and felt by fingers. / Larutan yang terbentuk disentuh dan dirasa dengan jari.
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Observation:/Pemerhatian:1 The residue is a soft whiteβββββββββββ solid. / Baki tersebut adalah pepejal putihβββββββββββ yang lembut.2 Soap feels slipperyβββββββββββ. / Sabun mempunyai rasa yang licinβββββββββββ pada jari.3 Soap is foamyβββββββββββ when it is shaken in water. / Sabun berbuihβββββββββββ apabila digoncangkan dalam air.
Discussion: / Perbincangan:1 When palm oil is boiled with sodium hydroxideββββββββββββββββββββββ solution, a soapββββββββ is formed. The reaction is called
saponificationβββββββββββββββ . / Apabila minyak sawit dididihkan dengan larutan natrium hidroksidaββββββββββββββββ , Sabunβββββββββ terbentuk. Tindak balas tersebut dipanggil saponifikasiβββββββββββββ .
2 The chemical reaction is: / Tindak balas kimia ialah:
H O
H C O C C17H35
O
H C O C C17H35
O
H C O C C17H35
H
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H
+ 3NaOH +
O
C17H35 C O-Na+
O
C17H35 C O-Na+
O
C17H35 C O-Na+
Glyceryl tripalmitateGliserol tripalmitat Glycerol / Gliserol Sodium palmitate (soap)
Natrium palmitat (sabun)
3 The soap can be precipitatedβββββββββββββ by adding sodium chloride. Sodium chloride lowers the solubility of soap in water. Sabun boleh dimendakkanβββββββββββββ dengan menambah natrium klorida. Natrium klorida dapat mengurangkan keterlarutan sabun dalam
air.
Conclusion: / Kesimpulan:Saponification processβββββββββββββββββββββ of palm oil in sodium hydroxide solution produces glycerol and soap (salt of fatty acid)βββββββββββββββββββββββ .
Proses saponifikasiββββββββββββββββ bagi minyak sawit dalam larutan natrium hidroksida menghasilkan gliserol dan sabun (garam bagi asid lemak)βββββββββββββββββββββββ .
Detergent / Detergen
1 Detergent is cleaning agent that is not soap. Detergents are sodium salts of alkylbenzene sulphonic acid or alkyl sulphonic acid. / Detergen ialah agen pembersih yang bukan sabun. Detergen adalah garam natrium dari asid alkilbenzena sulfonik atau asid alkil sulfonik.
2 Two common groups of detergents are: / Dua kumpulan detergen yang biasa adalah:
Sodiumalkylbenzenesulphonate/Natrium alkilbenzena sulfonat Sodium alkyl sulphate / Natrium alkil sulfat
O
R O S O-Na+
O
O
R O S O-Na+
O
Rrepresentsalongchainhydrocarbon/R mewakil rantai hidrokarbon yang panjang
3 Detergents are made from hydrocarbon which is obtained from petroleum. / Detergen dibuat daripada hidrokarbon yang diperoleh daripada petroleum.
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4 Preparation of detergent / Penyediaan detergena. Preparation of sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate / Penyediaan natrium alkil benzena sulfonat
i. Alkylation: The long chain alkene is reacted with benzene to form alkylbenzene. Pengalkilan: Rantai panjang alkena ditindak balaskan dengan benzena untuk membentuk alkilbenzena.
CH3
CH3(CH
2)
nCH = CH
2+ O CH
3(CH
2)n β― C β― O
Hii. Sulphonation of alkylbenzene: The alkylbenzene is reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form
alkylbenzene sulphonic acid. / Pensulfonan alkilbenzena: Alkilbenzena bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik pekat untuk membentuk asid alkilbenzena sulfonik.
CH3 O
CH3 (CH2)n C O + HO S OH
H O
CH3 O
CH3 (CH2)n C O S OH + H2O
H OAlkylbenzeneAlkilbenzena
Sulphuric acidAsid sulfurik
AlkylbenzenesulphonicacidAsidalkilbenzenasulfonik
iii. Neutralisation: The alkylbenzene sulphonic acid is then neutralised sodium hydroxideββββββββββββββββ solution to produce alkylbenzene sulphonate salt, which is detergentββββββββββββββββ . / Peneutralan: asid alkilbenzena sulfonik kemudiannya dineutralkan dengan larutan natrium hidroksidaββββββββββββββββmenghasilkan garam alkilbenzena sulfonat, iaitu detergenβββββββββββ.
CH3 O
CH3 (CH2)n C O S OH + NaOH
H O
CH3 O
CH3 (CH2)n C O S ONa + H2O
H OAlkylbenzenesulphonicacidAsidalkilbenzenasulfonik
SodiumalkylbenzenesulphonateNatriumalkilbenzenasulfonat
Sodium hydroxideNatrium hidroksida
WaterAir
b. Preparation of sodium alkyl sulphate / Penyediaan natrium alkil sulfati. Sulphonation of alcohol: The long chain alcohol is reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form alkyl
sulphonic acid. / Pensulfonan alkohol: Alkohol rantai panjang ditindak balaskan dengan asid sulfurik pekatβββββββββββ untuk membentuk asid alkil sulfonik.
O
CH3(CH2)nCH2 O H + HO S OH
OLong chain alcohol
Alkohol rantai panjangSulphuric acidAsid sulfurik
O
CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S OH + H2O
OAlkyl sulphonic acid
Asid akil sulfonikWater
Air
ii. Neutralisation: The alkyl sulphonic acid is then neutralised sodium hydroxide solution to produce sodium alkyl sulphate salt, which is detergent . / Peneutralan: Asid alkil sulfonik kemudiannya dineutralkan dengan larutan natrium hidroksidaββββββββββββββββ untuk menghasilkan garam natrium alkil sulfat, iaitu detergenβββββββββββ.
O
CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S OH + NaOH
H
O
CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S ONa + H2O
HAlkyl sulphonic acidAsid alkil sulfonik
Sodium alkyl sulphateNatrium alkil sulfat
Sodium hydroxideNatrium hidroksida
Water Air
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The Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent / Tindakan Pembersihan Sabun dan Detergen
1 The cleansing action of soap: / Tindakan pembersihan sabun:a. Soap with the general formula RCOOβNa+ / RCOOβK+ βββββββββββββββββββββββββ ionises in water to produce sodium/potassium cation,
Na+ (or K+) and soap anion, RCOOβ. / Sabun mempunyai formula am RCOOβNa+ / RCOOβK+ ββββββββββββββββββββββββ mengion dalam air untuk menghasilkan kation natrium/kalium, Na+ (atau K+) dan anion sabun, RCOOβ.
b. Soap anion is made up of two parts: / Anion sabun terdiri daripada dua bahagian:
O
C
AlkylAlkil
Carboxylate ionIon karboksilat
OβR
i. Risalonghydrocarbonchainwhichare: R ialah rantai hidrokarbon panjang yang bersifat: β’ hydrophobic(repelledbywater) hidrofobik (tak larut dalam air) β’ non-polarend(nocharge) hujung tidak berpolar (tidak bercas) β’ solubleinoilorgrease larut dalam minyak atau gris
ii. βCOOβisacarboxylateionwhichare: βCOOβ ialah ion karboksilat yang bersifat: β’ hydrophilic(solubleinwater) hidrofilik (larut dalam air) β’ polarend(negativelycharge) bahagian berpolar (bercas negatif) β’ insolubleinoilorgrease tak larut dalam minyak atau gris
c. Example: / Contoh: Sodiumlaurate:CH3 β (CH2)14βCOONainwaterionizesto:CH3 β (CH2)14 β COOβ (soap anion) and Na+. Natrium laurat : CH
3 β (CH
2)
14 β COONa dalam air mengion kepada: CH
3 β (CH
2)
14 β COOβ (anion sabun) dan Na+.
Thestructuralformulaofsoapanion:/Formula struktur anion sabun:
O
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
C-Oβ
Hydrocarbon chain or hydrophobic Caboxylate ion or hydrophilic
Rantai hidrokarbon atau hidrofobik Ion karboksilat atau hidrofilik
d. Simplifiedrepresentationofsoapanionis:/Struktur ringkas anion sabun:
Hydrophobic / Hidrofobik Hydrophilic / Hidrofilik
e. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of soap anions work together to remove greasy stains: Kedua-dua bahagian hidrofobik dan hidrofilik anion sabun diperlukan untuk membersihkan kotoran berminyak:
i. The soap ionisesβββββββββββ in water to produce free moving soap anions and cations. Sabun mengionβββββββββββ dalam air menghasilkan anion sabun dan kation yang bebas bergerak. ii. Soap anion reduces the surface tensionββββββββββββββββ of water which will increase wetting ability of water. Therefore,
water wetsβββββββββββ the dirty cloth. / Anion sabun mengurangkan ketegangan permukaanββββββββββββββββββββββ air lalu meningkatkan kebolehan air untuk membasah. Oleh itu, air membasahiβββββββββββ kain kotor.
iii. The hydrophilicβββββββββββ part of the soap anionsβββββββββββ remains in water while the hydrophobicβββββββββββ part dissolves and penetrates into the grease.
Bahagian hidrofilikβββββββββββ anionββββββ sabun larut di dalam air manakala bahagian hidrofobikβββββββββββ larut dalam gris.
WaterAir Hydrophilic part / Bahagian hidrofilik
Hydrophobic part / Bahagian hidrofobikGrease / Gris
Cloth / Kain
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iv. By the movement of water during scrubbing and rubbing, grease is loosened and liftedβββββββββββ off the surface.
Pergerakan air semasa gosokan dan pengocakan menyebabkan gris tertanggalβββββββββββ daripada permukaan kain.
v. The hydrophobic part of soap anions surround the grease, the grease is suspended in the water. Bahagian hidrofobik anion sabun mengelilingi gris, gris terapung di dalam air.vi. The grease is dispersed into smaller dropletsββββββββββββββββ ./Gris berpecah kepada titisan kecilββββββββββββββββ . vii. The small droplets do not redeposit on the surface of the cloth due to repulsionβββββββββββ between negative charges
on their surface. / Titisan kecil tersebut tidak bergabung semula pada permukaan kain kerana tolakanβββββββββββ sesama cas negatif pada bahagian hidroforbik di permukaan titisan gris.
viii. The droplets are suspended in water, forming an emulsionβββββββββββ. Titisan tersebut tersebar sekata dalam air, membentuk emulsiβββββββββββ. ix. Rinsing away the dirty water removes the grease droplets and the surface of the cloth is then cleaned. Dengan membilas air kotor, titisan gris dapat ditanggalkan dan permukaan kain dapat dibersihkan.
Small droplet of greaseTitisan kecil gris
2 The cleansing action of detergent / Tindakan pencucian detergena. Detergent dissolves in water to form detergent anionβββββββββββ and sodium cationβββββββββββ. For example the ionisation
of sodium alkyl sulphate; / Detergen melarut dalam air untuk membentuk anionβββββββββββ detergen dan kationβββββββββββ natrium. Contohnya pengionan natrium alkil sulfat;
CH3 (CH2)n CH3 (CH2)nO SH2O
O
O
O-Na+ O S
O
O
O- Na++
b. The structure of a detergent anion is similar to a soap anion. The detergent anion is also made up of two parts i.e hydrophobic part and hydrophilic part. / Struktur anion detergen sama dengan anion sabun. Anion sabun juga terdiri daripada dua bahagian iaitu bahagian hidrofobik dan bahagian hidrofilik.
i. Alkyl sulphate ion: / Ion alkil sulfat: ii. Alkylbenzene sulphonate ion: / Ion alkilbenzena sulfonat:
OCH3 (CH
2)
n S
O
O
Oβ
Hydrocarbon chain orhydrophobicRantai hidrokarbon atauhidrofobik
Sulphate ion orhydrophilicIon sulfat atauhidrofilik
OCH3 (CH
2)
n S
O
O
O-
Hydrocarbon chain orhydrophobicRantai hidrokarbon atauhidrofobik
Benzene sulphate ion orhydrophilicIon benzena sulfat atauhidrofilik
c. The cleansing action of detergent is also very similar to soap, the hydrocarbonββββββββββββββββ chain dissolves and penetrates
in grease while the sulphateionorbenzenesulphateionβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ group remains in water. / Tindakan pembersihan detergen juga sama dengan sabun, rantai hidrokarbonβββββββββββ melarut dan menembusi gris manakala ionsulfatatauionbenzenasulfatβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ kekal dalam air.
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The Effectiveness of the Cleansing of Soap and Detergent / Keberkesanan Pembersihan Sabun dan Detergen
1 The effectiveness of soap is reduced when used in hard water. Keberkesanan sabun berkurang apabila digunakan di dalam air liat.
2 Hard water contains high concentration of calcium ion (Ca2+) and magnesium ion (Mg2+). Air liat mengandungi ion kalsium (Ca2+ ) dan ion magnesium (Mg2+) dengan kepekatan yang tinggi.
3 Calcium ions and magnesium ions reactβββββββββββ with soap anions to form insoluble scum. / Ion kalsium dan ion magnesium bertindak balasββββββββββββββββ dengan anion sabun untuk membentuk kekat sabun yang tak larut.
2C17H35COOβ (aq)+ Mg2+(aq) β
(C17H35COO)2Mgββββββββββββββββ (s)β
Stearic anion/soap anionAnion stearik/anion sabun
Insolublemagnesiumstearate(scum)Magnesium stearat tak larut (kekat)
2C17H35COOβ (aq)+ Ca2+ β
(C17H35COO)2Caββββββββββββββββ (s)β
Stearic anion/soap anionAnion stearik/anion sabun
Insolublecalciumstearate(scum)Kalsium stearat tak larut (kekat)
4 Formation of scum reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning. Pembentukan kekatββββββββββ mengurangkan jumlah sabun yang diperlukan untuk pembersihan.
5 Detergent anions do not form insoluble scum with calcium ions and magnesium ions. This means detergent can act as cleaning agent in hard water. Thus, detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.
Anion detergen tidak membentuk kekat tak larut dengan ion kalsiumββββββββββ dan ion magnesium. Ini bermakna detergen boleh bertindak sebagai agen pembersih dalam air liat. Maka, detergen lebih berkesan berbanding sabun dalam air liat.
6 Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Cleaning agentAgen pembersih Soap / Sabun Detergent / Detergen
Sources / Sumber Animal fats or vegetable oil Long chain hydrocarbon from petroleum
General formula Formula am
RCOONa R O SO3Na, ROSO3Na
The structure of polar end (Hydrophilic) Struktur hujung berpolar (Hidrofilik)
O
C Oβ
O
O
O
S Oβ or
O
O
O
S Oβ
Carboxylate ion
O
C Oβ
O
O
O
S Oβ or
O
O
O
S Oβ
Benzenesulphateion Sulphateion
Effectiveness Keberkesanan
Effective in soft water only Effective in soft water and hard water
Formation of scumPembentukan kekat
Forms scum in hard water Do not form scum in hard water
pH Slightly alkaline pH value is modified to suit cleaning task
Effect on environmentKesan ke atas alam sekitar
Biodegradable, do not cause pollution Mostly non-biodegradable, cause pollution
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7 Detergents generally contain a wide variety of additives. Additives are added to enhance its cleaning efficiency. Complete the following table: / Secara amnya, detergen mengandungi pelbagai jenis bahan tambah. Bahan-bahan tambah dicampurkan untuk meningkatkan keberkesanan pembersihan. Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Additive / Bahan tambah Function / Fungsi
BiologicalenzymesuchaslipaseandpeptidaseEnzim biologi seperti lipase dan peptidase
Remove protein stains such as blood
Whitening agent such as sodium perborate and sodium hypochlorite / Agen pemutih seperti natrium perborat dan natrium hipoklorit
Convert stain to colourless substances
Fragrances / Minyak wangi Add fragrance to fabrics and detergent
8 Experiment to compare the effectiveness of soap and detergent Experimen untuk membandingkan keberkesanan sabun dan detergen
Apparatus:Beaker,measuringcylinder,glassrod/Radas: Bikar, silinder penyukat, rod kacaMaterials:1moldmβ3magnesiumsulphatesolution,detergentpowder,soappowderandclothswithoilystain.
Bahan-bahan: 1 mol dmβ3 larutan magnesium sulfat, serbuk detergen, serbuk sabun dan kain dengan kotoran berminyak.
Cloth with oily stainsKain dengan kotoran berminyak Kain dengan kotoran berminyak
Soap + hard waterSabun + air liat
Cloth with oily stains
Detergent + hard waterDetergen + air liat
Procedure: / Prosedur:
a. Two beakers are filled with 1 mol dmβ3 magnesium sulphate solution until half full. Dua bikar diisi dengan 1 mol dmβ3 magnesium sulfat sehingga separuh penuh.
b. Β½ spatula of soap is added to one beaker and Β½ spatula detergent is added to another beaker. Β½ spatula serbuk sabun ditambahkan kepada satu bikar dan Β½ spatula serbuk detergen ditambahkan kepada bikar yang lain.
c. The mixtures are stirred with a glass rod. / Campuran tersebut dikacau dengan rod kaca.
d. The dirty clothes are dipped into each of the beaker. / Kain yang kotor direndam di dalam setiap bikar.
e. The dirty clothes in each beaker are washed by scrubbing. / Kain kotor dalam setiap bikar dibasuh dengan gosokan.
f. The cleansing actions of soap and detergent on the dirty clothes are observed and recorded. Tindakan pembersihan sabun dan detergen ke atas kain-kain kotor tersebut diperhatikan dan direkodkan.
Observation: / Pemerhatian:
Cleaning agent / Agen pembersih Detergent / Detergen Soap / Sabun
EffectivenessKeberkesanan
Cloth is cleaned easilyKain dibersihkan dengan senang
Cloth still dirtyKain masih lagi kotor
Formation of scumPembentukan kekat
No formation of scum Tiada pembentukan kekat
Scum formsKekat terbentuk
Conclusion: / Kesimpulan: Detergent cleans stains more effectivecomparedtosoapinhardwater.Detergentismoreeffectivethansoapinhard
water. /Detergen membersihkan kotoran dengan lebih berkesan berbanding sabun dalam air liat. Detergen lebih berkesan berbanding sabun dalam air liat.
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 Thediagramsbelowshowtheapparatusset-upforpreparingsoap. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan alat radas untuk penyediaan sabun.
Palm oil + concentratedsodium hydroxideMinyak sawit + natriumhidroksida pekat
SoapSabun
Substance XBahan X
HeatPanaskan
HeatPanaskan
a. i. Whatismeantbysoap?/ Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan sabun?
Soapsaresodiumorpotassiumsaltoflongchainfattyacid.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ ii. Statethenameoftheprocesstopreparesoap./Nyatakan nama proses penyediaan sabun. Saponificationββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββb. Substance X is added to the soap mixture to complete the process. Bahan X ditambahkan kepada campuran sabun untuk melengkapkan proses tersebut.
i. State the name of substance X. / Nyatakan nama bahan X. Sodium chlorideββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββii. Why is substance X added to the mixture? / Mengapakah bahan X ditambahkan kepada campuran? To reduce the solubility of soap /to precipitate the soapββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
c. The following equation shows the reaction that takes place in the preparation of soap. Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas yang berlaku dalam penyediaan sabun.
Palm oil + Concentrated sodium hydroxideMinyak sawit + Natrium hidroksida pekat
BoilPendidihan
Sodium palmitate (soap) + Substance Y Natrium palmitat (sabun) + Bahan Y
i. What is the homologous series of palm oil? / Apakah siri homolog bagi minyak sawit? Esterββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββii. Substance Y is another product in the reaction. State the name of substance Y. Bahan Y ialah hasil lain dalam tindak balas ini. Nyatakan nama bagi bahan Y. Glycerolββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββiii. A student wants to prepare a potassium palmitate soap. What alkali should be used? Seorang pelajar mahu membuat sabun kalium palmitat. Apakah alkali yang patut digunakan? Potassium hydroxideββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
d. Thediagrambelowshowsthestructuralformulaofasoapanion. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur formula bagi suatu anion sabun.
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
Cβ O_
O
Hydrophobic HydrophilicHidrofobik Hidrofilik
i. State the property of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of soap anion. Nyatakan sifat bagi bahagian hidrofobik dan hidrofilik dalam molekul sabun. Hydrophobic dissolves in organic solvent. Hydrophilic dissolves in water.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
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ii. Soap is used to wash oily stains on cloth. Explain the cleansing action of soap on the oily stain. / Sabun digunakan untuk membasuh kotoran berminyak pada kain. Terangkan tindakan pembersihan sabun ke atas kotoran berminyak.
Soap reduces the surface tension of water and increases the wetting ability of water on the surface of the oilyββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ cloth. The hydrophobic part of the soap anion dissolves in the oily stains.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ The hydrophilic part of the soap anion remains in the water.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ Scrubbing helps to lift the oily stains from the cloth and break the oily stains into small droplets.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ The droplets do not redeposit on the surface of the cloth due to repulsion between the negative charges onββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ their surface. The droplets are suspended in water forming an emulsion.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ Rinsing washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
2 The diagrams below show the structural formula for the anion part of cleansing agent X and cleansing agent Y particles. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur bahagian anion agen pembersih X dan zarah-zarah agen pembersih Y.
O
R C O-Na+
O
R O S O-Na+
O
Cleansing agent X / Agen pembersih X Cleansing agent Y / Agen pembersih Y
a. Identify cleansing agent X and Y as soap and detergent. Kenal pasti agen pembersih X dan Y sebagai sabun dan detergen.
Soap / Sabun: Cleansing agent Xβββββββββββββββββββββββββββ Detergent / Detergen : Cleansing agent Yββββββββββββββββββββββββββββb. Draw the hydrophilic part of cleaning agent is X and Y. / Lukiskan bahagian hidrofilik agen pembersih X dan Y.
O
C O-
O
O S O-
O
Cleansing agent XAgen pembersih X
Cleansing agent YAgen pembersih Y
c. StatethenameofpartofthecleansingagentXandYthatissolubleingrease. Nyatakan nama bahagian bagi agen pembersih X dan Y yang larut dalam gris.
Hydrophobicβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββd. Soapisineffectiveasacleansingagentinhardwater.Explain. Sabun tidak berkesan sebagai agen pembersih dalam air liat. Terangkan.
The soap anions react with the magnesium ions and calcium ions in hard water to form white precipitate ofβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ magnesium and calcium salt/ scum. Formation of scum reduces the amount of soap for cleaning.βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββe. State one advantage of detergent over soap. / Nyatakan satu kelebihan detergen berbanding sabun. Detergent anion react with the magnesium ions and calcium ions in hard water to form soluble salt/no scum. Theβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ cleansing action of detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββf. One of the properties of soap and detergent is that they can form lather with water. What is the function of lather? Salah satu sifat sabun dan detergen ialah ia membentuk buih dengan air. Apakah fungsi buih? It helps to suspend the grease particles.βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
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3 A student carried out two experiments to investigate the cleansing effect of soap and detergent on oily stained cloth in hardwater./Seorang pelajar menjalankan dua eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pembersihan sabun dan detergen ke atas kain kotor yang berminyak di dalam air liat.
Experiment / Eksperimen Experiment I / Eksperimen I Experiment II / Eksperimen II
Set up of apparatusSusunan alat radas
Detergent + hard waterDetergen + air liat
Soap + hard waterSabun + air liat
Kain dengan kotoran berminyakCloth with oily stains
Kain dengan kotoran berminyakCloth with oily stains
Detergent + hard waterDetergen + air liat
Soap + hard waterSabun + air liat
Kain dengan kotoran berminyakCloth with oily stains
Kain dengan kotoran berminyakCloth with oily stains
ObservationPemerhatian
Oily stain remainedKotoran berminyak kekal
Oily stain disappearedKotoran berminyak hilang
a. Compare the cleansing effect between experiment I and experiment II. Bandingkan kesan pembersihan antara eksperimen I dengan eksperimen II.
Soap in experiment I is not effective as cleansing agent in hard water whereas detergent in experiment II isβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ effective as cleansing agent in hard water.βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββb. Explain why there are differences in the observations. / Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian.
Hard water contains calcium ions/Ca2+ and magnesium ions/Mg2+. Soap anions in hard water react withβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ magnesium ions or calcium ions to form scum/insoluble precipitate, no foam is formed. Detergent anions reactβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ with Ca2+ ions and Mg2+ ions to form soluble salt/ no precipitate/no scum, foam is formed.βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββc. State the substance which is more suitable as a cleansing agent to remove stains in hard water. Nyatakan bahan yang lebih sesuai sebagai agen pembersih untuk membuang kotoran dalam air liat.
Detergent is more effective than soap as a cleansing agent in hard water.βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
Food Additives / Bahan Tambah Makanan
1 Food additives are added to food to: / Bahan tambah makanan ditambah ke dalam makanan untuk:a. Improve its appearance, taste or texture / Memperbaiki rupa, rasa dan teksturnyab. Preserve the food / Mengawet makanan
2 Food additive can be natural or synthetic compounds. Bahan tambah makanan boleh didapati dalam bentuk semula jadi ataupun sebatian sintetik. 3 Food additives are classified according to their function. / Bahan tambah makanan boleh dikelaskan mengikut fungsinya.
Type of food additive
Jenis bahan tambah
makanan
Function / how it worksFungsi/ bagaimana ia berfungsi
Example of food additiveContoh bahan tambah makanan
Example of foodContoh makanan
Flavouring agentAgen perasa
β Enhance the natural flavour of the food / Meningkatkan rasa asli makanan
β Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Mononatrium glutamat (MSG)
Soup,frozenfood,meatandfishbased productSup, makanan beku, makanan yang diperbuat daripada daging dan ikan
β Produce artificial flavour Menghasilkan rasa buatan
β Ester such as octyl ethanoate (orange flavour) and ethyl butanoate (pineapple flavour)
Ester seperti oktil etanoat (perasa oren) dan etil butanoat (perasa nanas)
Cake, jam, ice cream and drinksKek, jem, aiskrim dan minuman
β Sweeten the food, it has less calories than sugar / Memaniskan makanan, mempunyai kandungan kalori yang lebih rendah berbanding gula
β Aspartame / Aspartam Drinkandjuice,frozendessertMinuman dan jus, pencuci mulut beku
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Type of food additive
Jenis bahan tambah
makanan
Function / how it worksFungsi/ bagaimana ia berfungsi
Example of food additiveContoh bahan tambah makanan
Example of foodContoh makanan
PreservativesPengawet
β Prevent food from being spoilt Mengelakkan makanan daripada rosakβ Prevent or slow down the growth
of microorganisms / Menghalang atau mempertahankan pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
β Sodium nitrate Natrium nitrat
Sausage, burger, luncheon meatSosej, burger, daging yang diproses
β Sulphur dioxide Sulfur dioksida
Fruit juice, jam, soft drinkJus buah, jem, minuman bergas
βSodiumbenzoate Natrium benzoat
Chilli and tomato sauce, oyster sauce, fruit juiceSos cili dan tomato, sos tiram, jus buah
β Prevent food from being spoilt Mengelakkan makanan daripada rosakβ Remove water from the cell of
microorganism and retard the growth of microorganism
Mengeluarkan air daripada sel mikroorganisma dan membantutkan pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
β Salt Garam
Salted fish Ikan masin
β Sugar Gula
JamJem
β Prevent food from being spoilt Menghalang makanan daripada rosakβ Provide acidic condition
that inhibits the growth of microorganism
Menyediakan keadaan berasid untuk menghalang pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
β Vinegar Cuka
PickledJeruk
AntioxidantsAntioksidan
β Prevent oxidation that causes rancid fats and brown fruits
Menghalang pengoksidaan yang menyebabkan lemak tengik dan buah menjadi perang
β Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) Asid askorbik (vitamin C)β Citric acid / Asid sitrik
Cake, biscuit, margarine,fruit juiceKek, biskut, marjerin, jus buah
Thickening agentAgen pemekat
β Thicken the food Memekatkan makanan β Improvetheconsistencyoffood
by giving a firmer, more uniform and smoother texture
Memperbaiki struktur asal makanan dengan menjadikan teksturnya lebih sekata, halus dan licin
β Acacia gum Gam Acacia
Chewing gumGula-gula getah
β Pectin Pektinβ Gelatin Gelatin
Jam, jelly, cream cheeseandlowfatyogurt./Jem, jeli, krim keju dan dadih rendah lemak.
ColouringPewarna
β Add or restore the colour in a food to make the food appearance look moreattractive.
Menambah atau mengekalkan warna dalam makanan untuk menjadikannya lebih menarik.
βAzocompoundsuchastartrazineand sunset yellow
Sebatian azo seperti tartrazine dan warna kuning
β Triphenyl compounds such as brilliant blue
Sebatian trifenil seperti warna biru
Orange juice, jamJus oren, jem
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StabilisersPenstabil
β Improvethetextureoffoodbypreventinganemulsion*fromseparating out into a layer of waterandoil.
Memperbaikkan tekstur makanan dengan menghalang emulsi* daripada terpisah kepada lapisan air dan minyak.
* emulsions are either oil droplets suspended in water or water droplets suspended in oil.
*emulsi adalah titisan minyak yang tersebar sekata dalam air atau titisan air yang tersebar sekata dalam minyak.
β Lecithin Lesitinβ Gelatin Gelatin
Chocolate, ice cream,butter and salad dressingCoklat, aiskrim, mentega dan sos salad
EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 Thetablebelowshowsthetypesandexamplesoffoodadditives. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan jenis-jenis dan contoh-contoh bahan tambah makanan.
Types of food additivesJenis bahan tambah Examples / Contoh
VSodium nitrate / Natrium nitrat
Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida
Antioxidants / Antioksidan X
Flavouring agentsAgen perasa
YMSG
Octyl ethanoate / Oktil etanoat
W Acacia gum / Gam Acacia
Food colouring / Pewarna makanan Za. WhatisV,W,X,YandZ?/Apakah V, W, X, Y dan Z?
V:Preservativesβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
W:Stablizersandthickeningagentβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
X :Ascorbic acidβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ Y :Saccharin/aspartameβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ Z:Azocompound/triphenylcompoundβββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββb. i. Giveanexampleoffoodthatusessodiumnitrateasfoodadditive. Berikan satu contoh makanan yang menggunakan natrium nitrat sebagai bahan tambah makanan.
Sausage/ burger/meatββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ ii. Explainhowsodiumnitrateworksasfoodadditive. Huraikan bagaimana natrium nitrat bertindak sebagai bahan tambah makanan.
Sodium nitrate prevents sausage/ burger/ meat from being spoilt by slowing down the growth ofββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ microorganismββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ iii. Suggestanotherexampleofthesametypeoffoodadditiveassodiumnitratethatisusedinchilliandtomato
sauce./Cadangkan contoh lain bahan tambah makanan dari jenis yang sama seperti natrium nitrat yang digunakan dalam sos cili dan sos tomato.
Sodiumbenzoateββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββc. i. Giveanexampleoffoodthatusessodiumchlorideasfoodadditive. Berikan satu contoh makanan yang menggunakan natrium klorida sebagai bahan tambah makanan.
Salted fishββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
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ii. Explainhowsodiumchlorideworksasfoodadditive. Terangkan bagaimana natrium klorida bertindak sebagai bahan tambah makanan.
Sodium chloride prevents fish from being spoilt by removing water from the cell of microorganism andββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ retardsitsgrowth.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββd. i. WhatisthefunctionofYasaflavouringagent?/Apakah fungsi Y sebagai perasa?
Sweetenthefoodwithlesscalories.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ ii. WhatisthesideeffectofMSGonourhealth?/Apakah kesan sampingan MSG ke atas kesihatan kita?
Causeheadache/fallinghair.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ iii. Whatisthefunctionofoctylethanoateasaflavouringagent?/Apakah fungsi oktil etanoat sebagai agen perasa?
Produceartificialorangeflavour.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββe. Name the example of food additives that cause the children to become hyperactive. Namakan contoh bahan tambah makanan yang menyebabkan kanak-kanak menjadi hiperaktif.
Azo compound/ triphenyl compound. βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
Medicine / Ubat
1 A medicine is used to prevent or cure diseaseβββββββββββ or to relieve painβββββββββββ. Ubat digunakan untuk menghalang atau menyembuhkan penyakitβββββββββββ atau mengurangkan kesakitanβββββββββββ.
2 Medicines can be classified to: / Ubat boleh dikelaskan kepada:a. Traditional medicine / Ubat tradisional
i. Obtained from natural sources (plants or animals), without chemical reactions Diperoleh daripada sumber semula jadi (tumbuhan atau binatang), tanpa tindak balas kimiaii. Prepared by boiling parts of the plants or crushed to make a paste / Disediakan dengan mendidihkan atau
menghancurkan bahagian tumbuhan untuk dijadikan adunaniii. Usually not processed / Biasanya tidak diproses
b. Modern medicine / Ubat modeni. Chemicals that are extracted from plants and animals or synthetic chemicals Bahan kimia yang diekstrak daripada tumbuhan dan binatang atau bahan kimia buatanii. It is manufactured in the form of liquid, capsules, powders and tablet Dihasilkan dalam bentuk cecair, kapsul, serbuk atau piliii. Usually processed in the laboratory / Biasanya diproses dalam makmal
3 Traditional medicine / Ubat tradisional Completethefollowingtableforsomecommontraditionalmedicinesandtheirfunctions: Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk beberapa ubat-ubat tradisinal dan kegunaannya:
Traditional medicineUbat tradisional
FunctionFungsi
Aloe vera / lidah buaya Itsjuiceisusedtotreatskinwoundsandburns
Bitter gourd / Peria Fruits are used to treat diabetes
Ginger / Halia Rhizomesareusedtotreatstomachwind,improvesbloodcirculationanddigestion
Garlic / Bawang putih Usedtolowerbloodpressureandalsohasantibioticproperties
Hibiscus / Bunga raya Leaves relieve headaches and hair loss
Turmeric / Kunyit Treats pimples
Tamarind / Asam jawa Juice reduces coughing
Centella asiatica / Pegaga Itsleavesareusedasherbalteatotreatdepressionandforlongerity
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4 Modern medicine / Ubat moden Thefollowingtableshowstheclassificationofmodernmedicinesaccordingtotheireffectsonthebody. Jadual berikut menunjukkan pengelasan ubat moden mengikut kesannya ke atas badan.
Type of modernmedicine
Jenis ubat modenFunction
FungsiExampleContoh
NoteNota
AnalgesicAnalgesik
To relieve pain without causing unconsciousnessUntuk melegakan kesakitan tanpa menyebabkan pesakit pengsan
Aspirin(acetylsalicylic acid)
# acidicAspirin
(asid asetilsalisilik)# berasid
β’ Relievespaincausedbyheadache,toothacheandarthritis.
Meredakan sakit yang disebabkan sakit kepala, sakit gigi dan artritis.
β’ Reducesfeverandinflammationcausedbyinfection.
Mengurangkan demam dan keradangan yang disebabkan jangkitan.
β’ Causesinternalbleedingulceration (not suitable for gastric patients) Menyebabkan pendarahan dalaman (tidak sesuai untuk pesakit gastrik)
Paracetamol#Neutral
Parasetamol#Neutral
β’ Relievespainandreducesfever Meredakan sakit dan mengurangkan demamβ’ Doesnotreduceinflammation Tidak mengurangkan keradanganβ’ Doesnotirritatethestomach Tidak menyakitkan perut
Codeine / KodeinaC18H21NO3H2O
β’ Coughmedicine Ubat batukβ’ Causessleepiness Menyebabkan mengantuk β’ Misuseofcodeinecausesaddiction Salah guna kodeina boleh menyebabkan ketagihan
AntibioticAntibiotik
- Usedtotreatinfectionscaused by bacteria or fungi
Digunakan untuk merawat jangkitan yang disebabkan bakteria dan kulat
- Antibiotics kill or slow down the growth of bacteria or fungi
Antibiotik membunuh atau memperlahankan pertumbuhan bakteria atau kulat
PenicillinePenisilin
β’ Patientmusttakefullcourseoftheantibioticprescribed by the doctor to make sure all the bacteria are killed, otherwise they may becomeresistanttotheantibiotic.
Pesakit mesti mengambil semua antibiotik yang dipreskripsi oleh doktor supaya semua bakteria dibunuh, jika tidak, bakteria akan menjadi imun terhadap antibiotik.
β’ Sideeffectsofantibioticsareheadache,allergicreactionanddizziness.
Kesan sampingan antibiotik adalah sakit kepala, alergi dan pening.
StreptomycinStreptomisin
PsychotherapeuticPsikoteraputik
UsedtotreatmentalillnessDigunakan untuk merawat sakit mental
Stimulantse.g.amphetamine
Stimulan seperti amfetamin
β’ Toreducefatigueandelevatemood Mengurangkan keletihan dan merangsang perasaanβ’ Cancauseaddiction Boleh menyebabkan ketagihan
Antidepressant:Barbiturates and tranquilizerAntidepresen:Barbiturat dan
trankuilizer
β’ Toreducetensionandanxiety Mengurangkan tekanan dan kegelisahanβ’ Cancauseaddiction Boleh menyebabkan ketagihan
Antipsychoticse.g.chloropromazineAntipsikotik seperti
kloropromazine
β’ Totreatpsychiatricillnesswithseverementaldisorder
Merawat sakit jiwa dan sakit mental yang teruk
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EXERCISE / LATIHAN
1 The diagram below shows the molecular structure of aspirin. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur molekul bagi aspirin.
H
C
C
H
C CO
C
O
C
H
H
H
CO
O
H
C C
H
H
a. i. Whatisthemolecularformulaforaspirin?/Apakah formula molekul bagi aspirin?
C9H
8O
4ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ ii. Whatisthescientificnameforaspirin?/Apakah nama saintifik bagi aspirin?
Acetylsalicylic acid ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ iii. Statewhichtypeofmedicinedoesaspirinbelongto./Nyatakan jenis ubat bagi aspirin.
Analgesicββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ iv. Whatisthesideeffectofaspirinonchildrenbelow12yearsold? Apakah kesan sampingan aspirin kepada kanak-kanak di bawah 12 tahun?
Irritates lining of the stomach and cause bleedingββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ v. Suggestanotherexampleofmedicinethatcanbeusedinreplacingaspirintoreducefever. Cadangkan satu contoh ubat lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan aspirin bagi meredakan demam.
Paracetamolββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββb. i. Antibioticisoneofthemedicinesthatisalwaysgivenbyadoctortoapatient.Whatisthefunctionof
antibiotic? / Antibiotik adalah salah satu ubat yang selalu diberi oleh doktor kepada pesakit. Apakah fungsi antibiotik?
To kill or inhibit growth of infectious bacteriaββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ ii. Explainwhythepatientmusttakefullcourseoftheantibioticprescribedbythedoctor. Huraikan mengapa pesakit mesti menghabiskan semua antibiotik yang telah dipreskripsi oleh doktor.
To make sure that all the bacteria are killed. If not, the bacteria will become immune to the medicine or it ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ will cause super infectionββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββc. i. Statethenameofonetypeofmedicinethatchangestheemotionsandbehaviourofthepatient. Namakan satu jenis ubat lain yang mengubah emosi dan kelakuan pesakit.
Psychotherapeuticββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ ii. Apatientissufferingfromhallucination,delusionorothersymptomsofmentalillness.Suggesttheexample
medicinethatissuitabletotreatthepatient. Seorang pesakit mengalami masalah halusinasi, khayalan dan gejala-gejala lain sakit mental. Cadangkan contoh ubat lain
yang sesuai untuk merawat pesakit.
Antipsychotic.ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββd. Medicines that are obtained from plants and animals are known as traditional medicines. State the name the
traditional medicine that can be used to cure diabetes.Bitter gourd
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1 Which of the following molecules is soap? Antara molekul berikut, yang manakah merupakan sabun?
A CH3(CH
2)
14COOH
B CH3(CH
2)
2COONa
C CH3(CH
2)
14COONa
D CH3(CH
2)
14COOCH
3
2 Which of the following are detergent? Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan detergen?
I CH3(CH
2)
11OCOONa
II CH3(CH
2)
16COOK
III CH3(CH
2)
11OSO
3Na
IV CH3(CH
2)
11SO
3K
A I and II onlyI dan II sahaja
C II and III onlyII dan III sahaja
B I and IV onlyI dan IV sahaja
D III and IV onlyIII dan IV sahaja
3 The diagram below shows the structural formula for a soap anoin.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur bagi anion sabun.
CH3
CH2
Part A / Bahagian A
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
Cβ O_
O
Which of the following is true about part A of soap anion? Antara berikut, yang manakah benar tentang bahagian A bagi anion
sabun?
A It is ionic / Ia adalah ion
B It is soluble in grease / Ia larut dalam gris
C It is hydrophilic end / Merupakan bahagian hydrofilik
D It reacts with calcium ion to form scumIa bertindak dengan ion kalsium untuk membentuk kekat
4 Why is sodium chloride added during the preparation of soap?
Mengapakah sodium klorida ditambah dalam penyediaan sabun?
A To soften the water / Untuk melembutkan air
B To decrease the solubility of soapUntuk mengurangkan keterlarutan air
C To prevent the formation of scumUntuk mengelakkan pembentukan kekat
D To reduce the surface tension of water Mengurangkan tekanan pada permukaan air
5 Which of the following food additives slows down the activity of microorganism? / Antara bahan tambah makanan berikut, yang manakah dapat melambatkan aktiviti mikroorganisma?
A Benzoic acidAsid benzoik
C Ascorbic acidAsid askorbik
B Sodium chlorideNatrium klorida
D PectinPektin
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS / SOALAN OBJEKTIF
6 Which of the following is not used to prepare soap? Antara berikut, yang manakah tidak digunakan dalam penyediaan
sabun?
A Fats or oil / Lemak atau minyak
B Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida
C Sodium hydroxide / Natrium hidroksida
D Sodium nitrate / Natrium nitrat
7 What is the purpose of adding azo and triphenyl compounds in food? / Apakah tujuan menambah sebatian azo dan trifenil di dalam makanan?
A To stabilise the oil in waterMenstabilkan minyak dalam air
B To enhance the taste and flavour of foodMenambah rasa makanan
C To prevent the food from being oxidisedMengelakkan makanan daripada teroksida
D To improve the appearance of food by restoring their colours / Supaya makanan kelihatan lebih menarik
8 Ascorbic acid is added to fruit juice. Which of the following is the function of ascorbic acid? / Asid askorbik ditambah ke dalam jus buah-buahan. Antara berikut, yang manakah fungsi asid askorbik?
A As a flavouring / Sebagai perisa makanan
B To increase the calories / Untuk menambah kalori
C To decrease the action of oxygen Mengurangkan tindak balas oksigen
D Prevent the growth of microorganismMenghalang pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
9 Which of the following can be treated with streptomycin? Antara berikut, yang manakah boleh dirawat dengan streptomisin?
A Cough / Batuk
B Anxiety / Perasaan kebimbangan
C Mental diorders / Gangguan mental
D Bacterial infected diseases / Jangkitan bakteria
10 Which of the following is used to cure headaches? Antara berikut, yang manakah digunakan untuk menyembuhkan
sakit kepala?
A Cortisone / Kortison
B Barbiturates / Barbiturat
C Amphetamine/ Amfetamin
D Paracetemol / Parasetamol