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Biological TheoriesCriminal AnthropologyCriminal Anthropology
The scientific study of the relationship between human physical characteristics and criminality
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Held that the shape of the skull was indicative of an individual’s personality and…
Biological TheoriesPhrenology (Craniology)Phrenology (Craniology)
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
…could be used to predict criminal behavior
Biological TheoriesPhrenology (Craniology)Phrenology (Craniology)
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
PositivismPositivism
Atavism: Criminality wasseen as the result ofprimitive urges which, in throwbacks,…
Biological Theories
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
(Cesare Lombroso)
Biological Theories
…survived the evolutionary process
PositivismPositivism
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Body TypesBody Types
Constitutional theories explain criminality by reference to offender’s body type…
Biological Theories
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biological TheoriesBody TypesBody Types
…genetics, or external observable physical characteristics
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
BiocriminologyBiocriminology
Links violent or disruptive behavior to eating habits, vitamin deficiencies,…
Chemical Theories
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
…genetic inheritance, and other conditions affecting the body
Chemical TheoriesBiocriminologyBiocriminology
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Environmental Precursors
Studies of environmental toxins as causes of crime and deviance
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Toxic pollutants (lead, manganese), may cause learning disabilities, an increase in aggressive behavior, and loss of control over impulsive behavior
Environmental Precursors
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pre-natal exposure to alcohol, nicotine and marijuana may be linked to aggression and hyperactivity later in life
Environmental Precursors
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hormones and Criminality
• Testosterone is linked to aggression
• Premenstrual syndrome is linked to loss of self control, irritability and aggression© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Weather and CrimeResearchers have found no correlation between criminal behavior and • Sunshine • Humidity • Barometric Pressure • Wind Speed, or • Rainfall…
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
…but found a definite positive correlation between temperature and violent crime
Weather and Crime
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genetics and CrimeCriminal FamiliesCriminal Families
• The Juke Family
• The Kallikak Family
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Eugenic CriminologyEugenic Criminology
The root causes of criminality were largely passed from generation to generation in the form of “bad genes”
Genetics and Crime
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Defective delinquents
• Cacogenic or “bad- gened” families
Genetics and CrimeEugenic CriminologyEugenic Criminology
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
XYY “Supermale”XYY “Supermale”
• Taller than average male
• Suffers from acne or skin disorders
Genetics and Crime
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Less than average intelligence
• Over-represented in prisons and mental hospitals
Genetics and CrimeXYY “Supermale”XYY “Supermale”
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chromosomes and Modern- Day Criminal FamiliesChromosomes and Modern- Day Criminal Families
An isolated gene and the enzyme monoamineoxidase A (MAOA) islinked to criminal tendencies
Genetics and Crime
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Behavioral GeneticsBehavioral Genetics
The study of genetic and environmental contributions to individual variations in human behavior
Genetics and Crime
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
• The Human Genome Project
• Behavioral genetic determinism
Genetics and CrimeBehavioral GeneticsBehavioral Genetics
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sociobiology
The systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
The primary determinant of behavior is the need to ensure survival and continuity of genetic material from one generation to the next
Sociobiology
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sociobiology
Territoriality and tribalism also contribute to violence and aggression
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Crime and Human Nature
Factors that contribute to crimeFactors that contribute to crime
• Gender – Crime has been predominantly male behavior
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Crime and Human Nature
Factors that contribute to crimeFactors that contribute to crime
• Age – In general, the tendency to break the law declines throughout life
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Body type – A disproportionate number of criminals have a mesomorphic (muscular) build
Crime and Human Nature
Factors that contribute to crimeFactors that contribute to crime
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Crime and Human Nature
Factors that contribute to crimeFactors that contribute to crime
• Intelligence – Criminality is said to be clearly and consistently associated with low intelligence
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Personality –Violent criminals are typicallyaggressive, impulsive,and cruel
Crime and Human Nature
Factors that contribute to crime:Factors that contribute to crime:
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.