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Chapter 5Chapter 5
Climate and Terrestrial Climate and Terrestrial BiodiversityBiodiversity
Opening Video: Cloud Forests
Weather and ClimateWeather and Climate
Weather is a local area’s short-term physical Weather is a local area’s short-term physical conditions such as temperature and precipitation.conditions such as temperature and precipitation.
Climate is a region’s average weather conditions Climate is a region’s average weather conditions over a long time.over a long time.• Latitude and elevation help determine climate.Latitude and elevation help determine climate.
Earth’s Current Climate ZonesEarth’s Current Climate Zones
Figure 7-2Figure 7-2
Animation: Climate and Ocean Currents MapAnimation: Climate and Ocean Currents Map
Animation: Air Circulation and ClimateAnimation: Air Circulation and Climate
Solar Energy and Global Air Circulation: Solar Energy and Global Air Circulation: Distributing HeatDistributing Heat
Global air circulation Global air circulation is affected by the is affected by the uneven heating of uneven heating of the earth’s surface the earth’s surface by solar energy, by solar energy, seasonal changes in seasonal changes in temperature and temperature and precipitation.precipitation.
Spring(sun aims directly
at equator)
Fall(sun aims directly at equator)
Summer(northern hemisphere
tilts toward sun)
Solarradiation
23.5 °
Winter (northern hemisphere tilts away from sun)
Coriolis Effect – Coriolis Effect – Global air circulation is affected by Earth’s rotation
Energy Transfer by Convection in the Atmosphere
Convection CellsConvection Cells
Heat and moisture are Heat and moisture are distributed over the distributed over the earth’s surface by earth’s surface by vertical currents, which vertical currents, which form six giant form six giant convection cells at convection cells at different latitudes.different latitudes.
Figure 7-6Figure 7-6
Fig. 7-6, p. 144
Cell 3 North
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 2 North
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 1 North
Cell 1 South
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 2 South
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 3 South
Cold,dry airfalls
Polar cap
Temperate deciduousforest and grassland
Desert
Tropical deciduous forest
Tropicalrain forest
Equator
Tropical deciduous forest
Cold,dry airfalls
Polar capArctic tundra
Evergreenconiferous forest
Temperate deciduousforest and grassland
Desert
60°
30°
0°
30°
60°
POLAR CELLS FERREL
CELLSHADLEY CELLS
Animation: Air CirculationAnimation: Air Circulation
Air Pressure, Fronts and PrecipitationAir Pressure, Fronts and Precipitation
Pressure: Measured in mb or inches of HgPressure: Measured in mb or inches of Hg Low Pressure: Converging, CCW in N.H.Low Pressure: Converging, CCW in N.H. High Pressure: Diverging, CW in N.H.High Pressure: Diverging, CW in N.H. Fronts: Cold, Warm, Stationary, OccludedFronts: Cold, Warm, Stationary, Occluded Severe Weather: Thunderstorms, tornadoes, Severe Weather: Thunderstorms, tornadoes,
hurricaneshurricanes
Greenhouse Gases Warm the Lower Atmosphere
Greenhouse gases• H2O
• CO2
• CH4
• N2O
Greenhouse effect
Human-enhanced global warming
Flow of Energy to and from the Earth
Animation: Greenhouse effect
Animation: Increasing Greenhouse Animation: Increasing Greenhouse GasesGases
Ocean Currents: Ocean Currents: Distributing Heat and NutrientsDistributing Heat and Nutrients
Global warming:Global warming:• Considerable scientific evidence and climate Considerable scientific evidence and climate
models indicate that large inputs of greenhouse models indicate that large inputs of greenhouse gases from anthropogenic activities into the gases from anthropogenic activities into the troposphere can enhance the natural greenhouse troposphere can enhance the natural greenhouse effect and change the earth’s climate in effect and change the earth’s climate in your your lifetimelifetime..
Animation: Upwelling Along Western Animation: Upwelling Along Western CoastsCoasts
Animation: El Nino Southern OscillationAnimation: El Nino Southern Oscillation
Topography and Local Climate:Topography and Local Climate:Land MattersLand Matters
Interactions between land and oceans and Interactions between land and oceans and disruptions of airflows by mountains and cities disruptions of airflows by mountains and cities affect local climates.affect local climates.
Figure 5-8Figure 5-8
Fig. 7-7, p. 145
Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean.
On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture.
On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases little moisture.
Animation: Coastal BreezesAnimation: Coastal Breezes
Biomes: Climate and Life on LandBiomes: Climate and Life on Land
Different climates lead to different communities Different climates lead to different communities of organisms, especially vegetation.of organisms, especially vegetation.• Biomes – large terrestrial regions characterized Biomes – large terrestrial regions characterized
by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals.by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals.• Each biome contains many ecosystems whose Each biome contains many ecosystems whose
communities have adapted to differences in communities have adapted to differences in climate, soil, and other environmental factors.climate, soil, and other environmental factors.
Earth’s Major BiomesEarth’s Major Biomes
Figure 5-9Figure 5-9
Fig. 5-9, p. 106
Polar ice
Equator
Tropic ofCapricorn
Tropic ofCancer
High mountains
Polar grassland (arctic tundra)Temperate grasslandTropical grassland (savanna)ChaparralConiferous forestTemperate deciduous forestTropical forestDesert
Figure 5-10Figure 5-10
Natural Capital: Average Precipitation and Average Temperature as Limiting Factors
Fig. 5-10, p. 107
Polar
Rain forestTropical
seasonalforest
Scrubland
Savanna Desert
TropicalGrassland
Chaparral
DeciduousForest
Coniferous forest
Desert
Temperate
SubpolarTundra
Wet
Cold
Dry
Ho
t
Biomes: Climate and life on landBiomes: Climate and life on land
Parallel changes occur in vegetation type occur Parallel changes occur in vegetation type occur when we travel from the equator to the poles or when we travel from the equator to the poles or from lowlands to mountaintops.from lowlands to mountaintops.
Figure 5-11Figure 5-11
Science Focus: Staying Alive in the Desert
Plant adaptations
Animal strategies and adaptations
There Are Three Major Types of Deserts
Tropical deserts
Temperate deserts
Cold deserts
Fragile ecosystem• Slow plant growth• Low species diversity• Slow nutrient recycling• Lack of water
Climate Graphs of Three Types of Deserts
Fig. 7-11, p. 149
Stepped Art
Video: Desertification in ChinaVideo: Desertification in China
From ABC News, Environmental Science in the Headlines, 2005 From ABC News, Environmental Science in the Headlines, 2005 DVD.DVD.
Key Organisms in a Desert Food WebKey Organisms in a Desert Food Web
The flora and The flora and fauna in desert fauna in desert ecosystems ecosystems adapt to their adapt to their environment environment through their through their behavior and behavior and physiology.physiology.
Page S53
There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (1)
Tropical
Temperate
Cold (arctic tundra)
There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (2)
Tropical• Savanna• Grazing animals• Browsing animals
Temperate• Tall-grass prairies• Short-grass prairies
There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (3)
Arctic tundra: fragile biome
Adaptations of plants and animals
Permafrost
Alpine tundra
Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold Grasslands
Fig. 7-12, p. 151
Stepped Art
Monoculture Crop Replacing Biologically Diverse Temperate Grassland
Temperate Shrubland: Nice Climate, Risky Place to Live
Chaparral
Near the sea: nice climate
Prone to fires in the dry season
Chaparral Vegetation in Utah, U.S.
Video: CaribouVideo: Caribou
Video: Tundra FlyoverVideo: Tundra Flyover
Key Organisms in Temperate GrasslandsKey Organisms in Temperate Grasslands
Temperate tall-grass Temperate tall-grass prairie ecosystem in prairie ecosystem in North America.North America.
Page S54
Polar GrasslandsPolar Grasslands
Polar grasslands are Polar grasslands are covered with ice and covered with ice and snow except during a snow except during a brief summer.brief summer.
Page S55
There Are Three Major Types of Forests (1)
Tropical
Temperate
Cold• Northern coniferous and boreal
There Are Three Major Types of Forests (2)
Tropical rain forests• Temperature and moisture• Stratification of specialized plant and animal
niches• Little wind: significance• Rapid recycling of scarce soil nutrients• Impact of human activities
There Are Three Major Types of Forests (3)
Temperate deciduous forests• Temperature and moisture• Broad-leaf trees• Slow rate of decomposition: significance• Impact of human activities
There Are Three Major Types of Forests (4)
Evergreen coniferous forests: boreal and taigas• Temperature and moisture• Few species of cone: bearing trees• Slow decomposition: significance• Taiga is the intermediary between boreal forest
and tundra Coastal coniferous forest Dry Coniferous forest Temperate rain forests
Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold Forests
Fig. 7-15, p. 154
Stepped Art
Some Components and Interactions in a Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem
Fig. 7-16, p. 155
Blue and gold macaw
Harpy eagle
Ocelot
Squirrel monkeys
Climbing monstera palm
KatydidSlaty-tailed trogon
Green tree snake
Tree frog
Ants
Bacteria Bromeliad
Fungi
Producer to primary consumer
Primary to secondary consumer
Secondary to higher-level consumer
All producers and consumers to decomposers
Stratification of Specialized Plant and Animal Niches in a Tropical Rain Forest
Fig. 7-17, p. 156
45
Harpy eagle
Emergent layer
40
35 Toco toucan
30 Canopy
25
Hei
gh
t (m
eter
s)
20
Wooly opossum
Under story
15
10
Brazilian tapir
Shrub layer5
Black-crowned antpitta
Ground layer0
Temperate Rain Forest in Washington State, U.S.
Temperate Deciduous ForestTemperate Deciduous Forest
Most of the trees Most of the trees survive winter by survive winter by dropping their dropping their leaves, which leaves, which decay slowly and decay slowly and produce a nutrient-produce a nutrient-rich soil.rich soil.
Page S56
Evergreen Coniferous ForestsEvergreen Coniferous Forests
Consist mostly of Consist mostly of cone-bearing cone-bearing evergreen trees that evergreen trees that keep their needles keep their needles year-round to help year-round to help the trees survive long the trees survive long and cold winters—and cold winters—whywhy does this allow does this allow them to survive?them to survive?
Page S57
Video: SequoiasVideo: Sequoias
Mountains Play Important Ecological Roles
Majority of the world’s forests
Habitats for endemic species
Help regulate the earth’s climate
Can affect sea levels
Major storehouses of water• Role in hydrologic cycle
Mount Rainier National Park in Washington State, U.S.
Humans Impact Terrestrial BiomesHumans Impact Terrestrial Biomes
Human activities have damaged or disturbed Human activities have damaged or disturbed more than half of the world’s terrestrial more than half of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems.ecosystems.
Humans have had a number of specific harmful Humans have had a number of specific harmful effects on the world’s deserts, grasslands, effects on the world’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.forests, and mountains.
Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Fig. 7-20, p. 158
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION
Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Deserts Grasslands Forests Mountains
Large desert cities Conversion to cropland
Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development
Agriculture
Soil destruction by off-road vehicles
Timber extractionRelease of CO2 to atmosphere from burning grassland Conversion of
diverse forests to tree plantations
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs
Mineral extraction
Soil salinization from irrigation Increasing tourism
Overgrazing by livestockDepletion of
groundwaterDamage from off-road vehicles
Urban air pollutionIncreased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletionLand disturbance
and pollution from mineral extraction
Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra
Pollution of forest streams
Soil damage from off-road vehicles
Video: Eagle FishingVideo: Eagle Fishing
Video: GopherVideo: Gopher
Video: Grizzly BearsVideo: Grizzly Bears
Video: Owl HuntingVideo: Owl Hunting