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Chapter 5:An Industrial Nation
In the 60 years following the civil war, the U.S. became the world’s leading industrial
nation. New inventions drove a second industrial revolution, in which new systems
of transportation and communication transformed American life. Economic
opportunity drew millions of immigrants and the United States expanded its
territories westward.
Section 1:
Main Idea: As Native Americans gradually lost their battle for their lands in the West settlers brought new enterprises-mining, ranching, and farming.
Bell Ringer
What would you do to save your culture?
Moved from their land and their homes and deprived of the Buffalo that were the center of their lifestyle, Native Americans saw their traditional cultures dying out. A note of hope came from a Paiute shaman named Wovoka, who said he saw a vision in which he spoke to God. Wovoka told Native Americans that if they did not lie or steal or go to war, and if they performed the Ghost Dance for five days in a row, a messiah would come and save them. The Ghost Dance gave Native Americans hope, but for some, it led to tragedy.
Conflicts with Native Americans
Plains Indians in the mid-west thrived due to their reliance on wild buffalo, which provided food, clothing, tools and shelter; did not believe land should be bought or sold.
White settlers believed that land should be divided & claims given to people to farm or establish businesses; if Native Americans did not settle in one place, lands were available for the taking
Government Policies
Before this time, U.S. Army had forcible removed Native Americans & relocated them in the west
Current policy, Native American land was seized and Native Americans were sent to reservations
Most Americans agreed with this policy to deal with Native Americans
The Indian Wars
Tensions between plains indians, settlers, and the army began to increase
Sand Creek Massacre of 1864 U.S. Army convinced a group of Cheyenne to stop
raiding farms and return to their Colorado reservation peacefully
On their way, U.S. Army attacked killing 150 Native Americans
Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876 Government ordered all Sioux to leave North Dakota Large group of Native Americans including Sioux,
Cheyenne, and Arapaho led by Chief Sitting Bull gathered near the Little Bighorn River
Army General George Armstrong Custer led an attack, Custer and his men were slaughtered
Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890 Army troops captured some of Sitting Bulls followers Army used machine guns to kill 300 Sioux men,
women, children
Resistance Ends in then West In 1877, Government ordered the Nez Perce to
move to a smaller reservation in Idaho On the way, a few angry Native Americans killed several
white settlers Nez Perce and their leader, Chief Joseph fled toward
Canada When they finally surrendered, Chief Joseph stated he
would resist no longer In the Southwest, Army moved the Apache to a
reservation in Arizona Apache leader, Geronimo fled the reservation and led
raids for years until their capture
Reading Focus Question #1
How did changing government policies lead to conflicts with Native Americans in the West? As the government began to seize lands that had
been home to Native Americans and force them onto reservations, native groups fought back.
Reservation Life Goal of reservations: Americanization,
abandoning the traditional Native American culture and lifestyle and forcing Native to live like white settlers Bureau of Indian Affairs, the government organization
that managed reservations set up schools for Native American children Children had to speak English and could not wear traditional
clothing The Dawes Act of 1887 broke up some
reservations and gave land to individuals Typically, government sold the best land and left
the rest for the Native Americans
Mining and Ranching
In 1859, prospectors found silver mines in the Nevada Territory Yielded $500 million worth of silver over the next
20 years 1896 was the last major gold strike at the
Canada-Alaska border That year 100,000 Americans made the trip to the
Yukon territory in search of gold
Mining Communities
Most prospectors were men Came from the U.S. and other countries Started out as simple camps of tents or
shacks, but grew into towns with dirt roads, wooden sidewalks, stores, and saloons
Eventually, schools, churches and newspapers developed
Mining as business
At first, miners worked individually with hand tools After surface gold was depleted machinery was
needed to mine goal Miners then went to work for mining companies
Dug mine shafts, built tunnels, and drilled out ore Work was dangerous with threats of cave-ins,
explosions, and floods Workers occasionally tried to organize for better working
conditions, but mining companies resisted
Ranching on the Plains Cattle ranching became a new industry in the great
plains First cattle ranchers were the Spanish, then the
Mexicans Ranchers interbred the Spanish and English cattle
to produce the Texas Longhorn which were hardy, did not need much water, and could live on grass alone
Spanish also brought sheep ranching to the plains Cattle and sheep ranchers often clashed for
control of the land
Cattle Drives Demand for beef began to increase after the civil
war due to population increase A steer worth $4 in Texas was worth $40 in the
east so ranchers began to hire cattle herders to move herds of cattle east to towns with railroads where they could be shipped to meat packing plants in places like Chicago
Major cattle trails began to develop such as the Chisholm Trail, which ran from San Antonio to Kansas
Cattle drives usually lasted about 3 months, cattle travelled 10-12 miles per day
First cowboys were 12-18 year old boys
Reading Focus Question #2
How did mining and ranching influence the development of the west?
Mining camps grew into communities; large-scale companies provided jobs; cattle ranching grew into big business
Farmers on the Great Plains Initially the Great Plains were considered unfit for
habitation In 1862 ,Congress passed the Homestead Act, which
allowed any head of household over age 21 to claim 160 acres of land Each homesteader was required to build a house on the land,
make improvements on the land, and farm it for 5 years before receiving full ownership
In the Pacific Railway Act government gave millions of acres to railroad companies to build railroads and telegraph lines
The Morrill Act, gave states land to build colleges to teach agriculture and mechanic arts & was the 1st federal government assistance for higher education
The Oklahoma Land Rush
In 1879m a lobbyists discovered 2 million unclaimed acres that had not been assigned to any one nation
In 1889, this land was opened to settlers ON April 22, 1889 settlers lined up on the
Oklahoma border, at the signal, 50,000 people rushed into OK claiming land
The New Settlers
Why did people go to Oklahoma? Push/Pull factors.
Push factors are reasons why people left their homes
Pull factors are reasons why they settled in the west
White Settlers Most were middle class farmers or business people
who could afford supplies and transportation African American Settlers
Most left because of discrimination, Black codes, and violence in the south
European Settlers Were attracted by economic opportunity
Chinese Settlers Had relocated west for the gold rush or to work on
railroads Laws barred Asians from owning land so most became
workers not owners
Challenges and Solutions Climate was harsh with bitter cold weather,
high winds, and snow. Summers were hot and water was scarce
Most families depend on wells powered by windmills
Some settlers learned irrigation techniques from Hispanic and North Americans
Wood for houses was scarce so homes were initially dugout of hills, homes were eventually built from blocks of soil
New technology included plows with sharper edges, combine harvesters that cut wheat and seperated grains
Large companies started bonanza farms with expensive machinery, professional managers, and workers
In 1890 the U.S. census bureau issued a momentous report that declared the frontier closed
Reading Focus Question #3
What opportunities and challenges did farmers face on the Great Plains? Land was available, but conditions were harsh
and water was scarce. New technologies helped, and railroads took porduce to eastern markets
Section 2:
Main Idea: During the late 1800’s, new technology and inventions led to the growth of industry, the rise of big business, and revolutions in transportation and communication.
Bell Ringer
How did oil fuel the Second Industrial Revolution?
Seeking a new source for oil- which was refined into kerosene to light lamps, Edwin L. Drake drilled into rock in Pennsylvania, hit a deep crevice, and saw oil seep to the surface. Drake had drilled the first commercial oil well. The discovery inspired efforts to find oil in other places. Some oil prospectors, known as wildcatters, found oil at Spindletop Hill in Texas. That site produced 17 million barrels of oil in 1902 before production slowed. Though short-lived, the Texas oil boom changed the nation, giving a start to major oil companies that would refine crude oil into gasoline and other products and transform transportation and industry.
Review Questions: What was oil used for during the time that
Edwin Drake drilled the first commercial oil well?
The discovery of oil at Spindletop Hill set off an oil boom in which state?
Making Steel Bessemer process made steel making
cheaper and easier in the 1850’s By 1910 the U.S. was the world’s top
producer of steel in the world Was used to make railroads, higher bridges,
and taller buildings Made newer more productive machinery Was cheap enough to make it practical for
everyday items such as nails and wire
Railroads Expand Between 1865-1890, the miles of railroad tracks jumped
fivefold Expansion was helped by federal grants of land and
cheap steel Congress authorized2 companies to build railways west
For 6 years the 2 companies competed to complete the first transcontinental railroad
Union Pacific built from Omaha, NE west while Central Pacific built from the west coast eastward
Which group faced more challenges? On May 10, 1869 two groups met in Utah Territory connecting
the two railroads to form one continuous rail
Effects of railroads
Promoted trade and provided jobs Sped up the settlement of the west Led to the adoption of standard time
Until then, people kept time according to the position of the sun but running a railroad required accurate timekeeping
A New York School Principal suggested Standard Time Zones
In 1918, Congress adopted standard time zones
Reading Focus Question #1
How did industry and railroads lead to the Second Industrial Revolution? Factories equipped with steel could produce
more manufactured goods; railroads promoted trade and provided jobs
The Rise of Big Business Big Business prospered in the late 1800’s
because of entrepreneurs, people who assume economic risks to start new businesses
Capitalism, or free enterprise, a system in which businesses are privately owned
Laissez-Faire Capitalism, free enterprise system in which companies operate without government intervention
Under this system there are huge inequalities
An attempt to explain the inequalities of Capitalism was Social Darwinism Based on Charles Darwin’s idea of Survival of the
fittest Stronger members adapt to the environment and
will survive, while weaker members will gradually die out
New Business Organizations Corporations, businesses with the legal
statues of an individual began during this time Are owned by people who buy shares or stock in a
company Board of directors makes decisions, while corporate
officers run day to day operations Can raise money for their company by selling stock Due to competition, some companies merged to form
a trust When a trust gained total control over an industry, it
held a monopoly
Industrial Tycoons
Cornelius Vanderbilt Began investing in railroads and made a fortune
John D. Rockefeller Owned Standard Oil, an oil refinery Also purchased companies that would assist his
oil business such as pipelines and railways (vertical integration)
Also took over other competing companies (horizontal integration)
Gave away huge amounts of money to charities
George Pullman Made his fortune making railway cars that were
sleeper cars making travel more comfortable Andrew Carnegie
Was a poor Scottish Immigrant who came to the U.S. at age 12
Worked for PA Railroad Began to invest, then began purchasing his own
steel company Devoted his time and fortune to building public
libraries and financing education
Mass Marketing
To increase sales, manufacturers tried to increase sales through marketing techniques, clever names, and advertisements
This was also the start of department stores where you could buy many different types of products in one place instead of travelling from store to store
In rural areas, people could purchase the same goods from catalogs
Reading Focus Question #2
How did entrepreneurs and public attitudes help the rise of big business in the late 1800s? Entrepreneurs were willing to risk large sums of
money in ventures, and many felt that fierce competition was perfectly natural
Workers Organize Most industrial workers were making less than
$500 per year, while business owners got richer Government began to get concerned about the
growing power of corporations, so they passed the Sherman Antitrust Act which made it illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade
The American Workforce Factory workers included Europeans, rural
Americans and children Worked 12 to 16 hours per day, no paid vacation, sick
leave, or compensation for injuries 1/6 of kids age 10-15 held a job
African Americans were generally hired as household help
By late 1800’s workers began to organize 1st Labor Union: Knights of Labor in Philadelphia
Included unskilled workers, women, and African Americans
Worked for 8 hour workday, end of child labor, and equal pay
Reading Focus Question #3
What conditions prompted workers to organize in the late 1800s? Low wages, long hours, unsafe working
conditions, no benefits
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Railroad workers protested cuts in wages, & blocked
the movement of trains Led to numerous deaths Was ended by the Army
Haymarket Riot of 1886 1,500 different strikes over wage cuts Workers gathered in Haymarket Square in Chicago 11 people died, hundreds were injured 8 union members with foreign sounding names were
blamed, tried, and 4 were hanged.
Setbacks for Organized Labor Employers forced employees to sign papers that
they wouldn’t join unions; blacklisted union members
In 1866 Samuel Gompers formed the American Federation of Workers Successfully won wage increases and shorter work
weeks Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh seized
the plant 16 people ended up dead after a 14 hour battle
Pullman Company laid off 1/3 of its workforce & cut the wages of the rest Workers went on strike Government ordered union to call off the strike b/c
it interfered with delivering the mail Federal troops responded and the strike
collapsed Workers who took part in the strike were fired or
blacklisted
Advances in Transportation Streetcars
By the 1830’s horsecars and streetcars were pulling along the streets carrying large numbers of people along established routes
Cable cars were soon developed which latched onto a moving cable underground
By 1900, most cities had electric streetcars or trolleys pulled by overhead electrical wires
Subways Boston opened the 1st subway in 1897 to overcome
crowding on city streets
Automobiles In 1893, Charles and Frank Duryea built the first
practical American Motorcar First cars were only owned by the wealthy
Airplanes In 1903, Frank and Orville Wright built the first
successful airplane which flew in Kittyhawk North Carolina
A Communications Revolution Telegraph
Invented by Samuel Morse Could send messages by tapping out patterns of long
and short signals over electric wires Wires were strung along train tracks Became the fastest way to send messages
Telephone Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
Typewriter Invented in 1867 by Christopher Lantham Could produce readable documents quickly Opened up a major job opportunity for women
Thomas Edison
One of America’s most amazing inventors Opened his own research laboratory in New
Jersey Invented the first phonograph (record player),
safe electric light bulb, and a lighting system powered by his own power plant
Later invented the motion picture camera and projector
Reading Focus Question #3
What advances in transportation and communication were made in the late 1800s? Streetcars, subways, automobiles, telegraph,
telephone, and typewriter
Section 3:
Main Idea: A new wave of immigrants came to America in the late 1800s and settled in rapidly changing cities where political corruption was common and minorities faced discrimination
Bell RingerWhat was it like to move to the United States during the turn of the century?
For millions of southern and eastern Europeans, America meant hope for a new home and a better life. In American cities, immigrants tended to settle near others from their home countries, and families from the same town sometimes moved to the same street. Living conditions could be difficult, but immigrants banded together to help each other and to maintain their familiar cultural traditions. In New York, Mulberry Street became the center of the Italian community which still survives today.
Review Questions: Why did millions of Europeans move to
the United States at the turn of the twentieth century?
Why do you think immigrants would have wanted to maintain some of their cultural traditions after leaving Europe?
New Immigrants
Native Americans are the only group who did not come to the U.S. from somewhere else
“Old Immigrants” were from northern and western Europe
Between 1880 and 1910 there were 18 million new immigrants By 1910, 1 of every 7 Americans was foreign born Most came from Southern and Eastern Europe
(Greece, Italy, Poland, and Russia) Also were diverse in religion (Catholic, Orthodox, and
Jewish
Coming to America
Reasons why immigrants came to U.S. Jewish people cane from Russia to escape
religious persecution Many left Southern and Eastern Europe to escape
poverty and little economic opportunity In 1892 U.S. Government opened an
immigration station on Ellis Island in New York Doctors scanned each immigrant for signs of
serious disease or injury
After 1910, immigrants from Asia passed through Angel island, an immigration station in San Francisco Because of discrimination, many Chinese immigrants
were held in prison-like conditions for weeks or months to await a decision whether or not they could stay
Immigrants faced many hardships Lived in tenements and took low-paying unskilled jobs Most settled near other immigrants from their own
countries with the same language and culture Established churches and synagogues, formed
organizations to help other immigrants with money, jobs, healthcare, and education
Reading Focus Question #1
Who were the new immigrants of the late 1800s and what challenges did they face? Most from southern and eastern Europe; a few
from East Asia; faced discrimination; many took low wage jobs and lived in crowded tenements
Prejudice against immigrants
Native-born Americans “Nativists” saw immigrants as a threat and blamed them for social problems like crime and poverty Wanted all immigrants to pass a literacy test
Congress passed this bill despite Woodrow Wilson’s veto West Coast, prejudice against Asians
CA passes laws restricting Asians from holding certain jobs & living in certain places
In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese exclusion act Banned immigration for 10 years and barred Chinese
immigrants from becoming citizens
Urban Life in America
As cities built up, there was less buildable space Architects began to build taller buildings with steel
frames Also worried about the lack of “green space”
so city planners began to plan for parks in cities
How different classes lived Wealthy
Made their money in industry and business Built houses that resembled castles & Italian palaces
Middle Class Made up of corporate employees such as accountants,
managers, teachers, lawyers, & doctors Working Class
Earned low wages, lived in rundown tenements, or rundown apartments Environment was unhealthy, (lack of ventilation and light) Tenements had no running water or plumbing
Neightborhoods were filled with trash and raw sewage
Reading Focus Question #2
What was urban life like at the turn of the twentieth century? Upper class flaunted wealth, occupational
standards forming, poor lived in tenements, paid low wages
The Settlement House Movement In 1883 London reformers founded the first
settlement house, a place where volunteers offered immigrants services such as Language education, job training, clubs, and sports
Jane Addams founded the first settlement house in the U.S. in Chicago called the Hull House
Most settlement house workers were college-educated women
Came out of the idea of Social Gospel, the idea that faith should be expressed through good works
Political Scandal and Reform
American cities had problems such as crime, bad housing, and poor sanitation
Machine bosses won support by giving people jobs or helping families Using their positions to gain money, accepting bribes
in exchange for city contracts
Scandal in Government
Ulysses S. Grant became President in 1869 His presidency was marred by scandals
In 1880, Reformer James A. Garfield became President Was assassinated Chester Arthur became President Chester Arthur helped pass Pendelton Civil
Service Act, which required that promotions be based on merit, not political connections
Reading Focus Question #3
How did political scandals lead to reform in the late 1800s? Political machine bosses were convicted and sent
to prison and sent to prison; Pendelton Civil Services Act required jobs to be awarded based on merit
Farmers Reform Movements Times were difficult for farmers
Crop prices were falling Farmers were in debt Organized to persuade legislatures to regulate railroad
rates Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act in
1887 which called for Reasonable Railroad Rates
Silver versus gold Farmer’s Alliance group wanted the government to
print more money Believed farmers could charge more for goods if there
was more money in circulation Money was originally redeemable for either gold or
silver In 1873, Congress put the U.S. on the gold
standard meaning paper money could only be redeemed for gold This reduced the amount of money in circulation and
hurt farmers, farmers wanted money to be backed by silver
Created a political party called the Populist Party
Election of 1896
Silver was an issue in the election of 1896 Republicans supported the gold standard Democrats supported the silver standard Business leaders contributed millions of dollars to the
Republican campaign and McKinley won the election
Legalized Discrimination Whites tried to prevent African Americans from
voting using poll taxes and literacy tests Most African Americans were too poor to pay the tax
and had been denied the education to pay the tax Southern States passed Jim Crow Laws, laws to
create and enforce segregation Examples: separate railroad cars for blacks and whites,
segregated schools and public places
In 1890 Homer Plessy, an African American, sat in a whites only train car to test the law, He was arrested. In Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court upheld segregation and ruled that “separate but equal” did not violate the 14th amendment
African Americans were expected to behave in a lower social position to whites in all situations
Lynching, murder of an individual by a group or individual Nearly 900 African Americans were lynched
Opposing Discrimination Booker T. Washington
Believed African Americans needed to accept racism temporarily
African Americans cold best improve their situation through acquiring skills
Founded the Tuskegee Institute to teach African Americans skills
W.E.B. Dubois Believed African Americans should strive for full rights
immediately Founded the National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People
Other groups face discrimination Hispanic Americans
Most Mexican-Americans were farmers, many had to take low paying jobs
Many became stuck in jobs by a system called debt peonage, in which they could not leave their job until they paid debts they owed their employers
Asian Americans Lived in segregated neighborhoods Laws were passed that made it illegal for whites and Asian
Americans to marry Native Americans
Had to face Americanization policies Had few economic opportunities on reservations
Reading Focus Question #4
What types of segregation and discrimination did African-Americans and other minorities encounter? Separate public facilities and schools, denied the
right to vote; strict rules of behavior towards whites; lynching
CST Practice Questions
The development of which of the following products led to advances in the transportation industry in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s?
a. Oil and steel
b. Oil and cotton
c. Coal and steel
d. Cotton and steel
Answer
The development of which of the following products led to advances in the transportation industry in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s?
a. Oil and steel
b. Oil and cotton
c. Coal and steel
d. Cotton and steel
What effect did industrialization have on working conditions in the United States in the 1800’s?
a. Workers enjoyed income equality across classes
b. Laborers worked 8 hour days in well-paying jobs
c. Employers paid benefits to workers such as vacation and sick time
d. Workers labored long hours in poor conditions at low paying jobs
Answer
What effect did industrialization have on working conditions in the United States in the 1800’s?
a. Workers enjoyed income equality across classes
b. Laborers worked 8 hour days in well-paying jobs
c. Employers paid benefits to workers such as vacation and sick time
d. Workers labored long hours in poor conditions at low paying jobs
CST Practice Questions
In the late 1800’s, the settlement house movement grew largely out of
a. The Social Gospel
b. Social Darwinism
c. Political machines
d. Conspicuous consumption
CTS Practice Question
Unlike earlier immigrants, most immigrants who came to the United States in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s
a. Did not pass through Ellis Island
b. Came from Northern and Western Europe
c. Came from Southern and Eastern Europe
d. Settled in open areas where well paying jobs were plenitful
Answer:
In the late 1800’s, the settlement house movement grew largely out of
a. The Social Gospel
b. Social Darwinism
c. Political machines
d. Conspicuous consumption
CST Practice Question
Americanization refers to:
a. Programs designed to acculturate Native Americans
b. Laws dissolving reservations and evicting Native Americans
c. The policy of concentrating reservations away from American urban centers
d. A plan to forcibly remove Native Americans from all land held by the United States
Answer:
Americanization refers to:
a. Programs designed to acculturate Native Americans
b. Laws dissolving reservations and evicting Native Americans
c. The policy of concentrating reservations away from American urban centers
d. A plan to forcibly remove Native Americans from all land held by the United States
CST Practice Question
Corporate trusts and monopolies such as John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, were extensions of business practices grounded in
a. Philanthropy
b. Mass marketing
c. Laissez-faire capitalism
d. Governmental regulation
Answer:
Corporate trusts and monopolies such as John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, were extensions of business practices grounded in
a. Philanthropy
b. Mass marketing
c. Laissez-faire capitalism
d. Governmental regulation
CST Practice QuestionSocial Darwinists and the Social Gospel
Movement
a. Worked together to address societies problems
b. Began as responses to the settlement house movement
c. Held conflicting views on society’s obligations to the poor
d. Required different forms of service in fulfilling obligations
Answer:Social Darwinists and the Social Gospel
Movement
a. Worked together to address societies problems
b. Began as responses to the settlement house movement
c. Held conflicting views on society’s obligations to the poor
d. Required different forms of service in fulfilling obligations