CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVEPOLICING

Basic Requirements◦ Educational Requirements◦ Training

Academy Training In the Field Training

Identify the differences between the police academy and field training as learning tools for recruits.

Police Academy: Field Training:

◦ Laws of arrest, search, seizure, and interrogation

◦ Weapons use◦ Crime scene

preservation◦ Witness interviewing◦ First aid◦ Self-defense

◦ The field training officer (FTO) helps the rookie apply what s/he has learned “in the streets.”

Explain the benefits of a culturally diverse police force.

Benefits of a culturally diverse police force include:◦ Improved community relations◦ Higher levels of service

Women in Policing Legal Discrimination

List the three primary purposes of police patrol.

Police on Patrol The Purpose of Patrol

◦ To deter crime by maintaining a visible presence

◦ To maintain public order and a sense of security

◦ To provide services that are not crime-related

Routine patrol activities can be categorizedinto four areas:

◦ Preventive patrol◦ Calls for service◦ Administrative duties◦ Officer-initiated activities

Aggressive Investigation Strategies Clearance Rates and Cold Cases

◦ More than 80 percent of large-city police departments have cold case squads dedicated to unsolved crimes

Forensic Investigations and DNA – the use of science and technology to investigate crimes

◦ Crime Scene Forensics

For more than a century the most important piece of trace evidence has been the human fingerprint

Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes.

DNA fingerprinting uses a suspect’s DNA to match the suspect to a crime

Emerged in the mid-1990s

A match can be as conclusive as 30 billion to one

Response Time to 911 Calls Patrol Strategies

◦ Testing General Patrol Theories in Kansas City◦ “Hot Spots” and Crime Mapping

Arrest Strategies◦ The Broken Windows Effect◦ Supporters and Critics

Explain community policing and its contribution to the concept of problem-oriented policing.

Community policing is a philosophy that emphasizes community support for and cooperation with the police in preventing crime.◦ Less centralized◦ Proactive

Problem-Oriented Policing:• A key component of community policing• Moves beyond simply responding to incidents and

attempts instead to control or even solve the root causes of criminal behavior

• Two important aspects of problem-solving policing are “hot spots” and crime mapping

Police Subculture - the values and perceptions that are shared by members of a police department; these values permeate agencies and are taught to new officers through a process of socialization.

The Core Values of Police Subculture

Police Cynicism

The Physical Dangers of Police Work The Stress of Police Work

Determine when police officers are justified in using deadly force.

The “Misuse” of Force◦ Occurs in only 1.6% of police-public encounters

Types of Force◦ Reasonable force – the degree of force that is

appropriate to protect the police officer or other citizens and is not excessive

◦ Deadly force – force applied by a police officer that is likely or intended to cause death

The United States Supreme Court and Use of Force:

Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

Graham v. Conner (1989)

Identify the three traditional forms of police corruption.

Types of corruption:

◦Bribery

◦Shakedowns

◦Mooching

Explain what an ethical dilemma is, and name four categories of ethical dilemmas typically facing a police officer.

Ethical dilemmas are defined as a situationin which law enforcement officers:• Do not know the right course of action• Have difficulty doing what they consider to be

right; and/or• Find the wrong choice very tempting

Four categories of ethical dilemmas: Discretion Duty Honesty Loyalty