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Chapter 5: Egypt and Kush
Lesson 1: The Nile River
Bell Ringer
What do you think early settlers of Egypt did when they found the Nile River?
The Nile River Valley Egypt and Kush were developing in Africa at the
same time as Mesopotamian civilizations Egypt and Kush were unique, but influenced each
other over the years
Valley Civilization Nile River valley was very fertile First settled around 5000 BC
Settled by earliest Egyptians and Kushites
Early Egyptians settled the norther region They called it Kemet, meaning “black land” after the
color of the soil
The Gift of the RiverStructures built by Egyptians have survived
due to hot, dry climateLittle rain fall meant the Nile was the only
source of waterThey called it “the creator of all good”
The Nile River flows about 4,000 milesLongest river in the worldConsidered the “life blood” of EgyptMade up of two rivers
White Nile
Blue Nile
Travel is made difficult by cataracts – fast moving waters
A Protected Land The Nile River splits into many branches just
before the Mediterranean Sea Creates a delta – fan shaped area of fertile land
Located between two very dry deserts Libyan Desert and Eastern Desert
Two largest deserts in the world
Kept Egypt isolated from invaders
Cataracts protected Egypt from enemy ships Deltas – protected from invaders from the
Mediterranean sea Egypt developed peacefully due to lack of
invasions The Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea allowed
them to travel for trade
Use this graphic organizer to explain how the deserts, delta, and cataracts protected Egypt
from invaders.
People of the RiverDid not have to tame the Nile like
Mesopotamians tamed the Tigris and EuphratesThe Nile’s floods were consistent
Predictable FloodsFlooding was common
Less destructive, wouldn’t destroy homes and crops
After floods, farmers took advantage of left over fertile soil
How Did Egyptians Farm?Planted wheat, barley, flax seeds while
soil was wetUsed canals to carry water during dry
seasonsCreated shadoofs – a bucket attached
to a pole to carry water from the NileStill use these today
Gathered papyrus – a reed plant that grew along the NileUsed for rope, sandals, baskets, and raftsLater used to create PAPER
Use this diagram to show the differences and similarities between Egyptian and Mesopotamian farming.
How Did Egyptians Write?Developed writing system like
Mesopotamiansmade up of thousands of pictures and symbols
for soundsThis language was called Hieroglyphics
Few Egyptians knew how to read/writeSome men became scribesWrote or painted on papyruscarved into stone walls/monuments
Uniting EgyptGrew surpluses of food due to geographic
protectionExtra food led to specialization Began to trade with distant civilizations
Forming KingdomsNeeded organized government to control life
Repairing irrigation systems, storing food for famine, settle disputes
Groups of villages formed under a KingEgypt developed into two kingdoms
Upper Egypt – located south along the Nile
Lower Egypt – located north in the delta area
Who was Narmer?
King of Upper Egypt around 3100 BC
Conquered lower Egypt
Unified the two kingdoms
Established a new capital at Memphis
Memphis was on the border of Upper and Lower Egypt
Was a center of culture and government
Narmer’s kingdom lasted almost 3,000 years
Ruled by dynasty – a line of rulers from one family
30 dynasties ruled from 3100 BC to 332 BC
Organized into 3 time periods: Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom
Usually had a stable governemtn
Reflect: How did the separate kingdoms of Egypt unite?
Chapter 5
Lesson 2
Bell Ringer
Use this graphic organizer to show examples of methods Egyptians used to farm.
Egypt’s Early Rulers Old Kingdom
Lasted from 2600 BC – 2200 BC
Ruled by a theocracy – a government where the ruler is both the political and religious leader
Pharaoh in Government The ruler was called the pharaoh, had total power
Bureaucrats – were government officials who carried out the pharaoh’s orders
Tax payments of grain were collected from farmers
Pharaoh in Religion The Pharaoh was believed to be a god on Earth
participated in ceremonies to help the success of Egypt
Religion in Egypt Influenced every aspect of life
Practiced polygamy like the Mesopotamians Re – the sun god
Hapi – the river god
Osiris – god of the underworld
Thoth – god of learning
Believed in the afterlife
“Wheat and barley shall be given unto him therein,
And he shall flourish there just as he did upon earth.”
- Egyptian description of the afterlife.
The Afterlife Believed to be very positive and
peaceful Pharaohs would continue to
protect Egypt after death Osiris granted all people hope for
afterlife Believed the body protected the
soul Practiced embalming to protect the
soul in the afterlife
Open your books to page 111. As a group, use this style of graphic organizer to describe the
process of EMBALMING from beginning to end.
Medical Skills Learned from embalming Doctors used splints, bandages, and compresses Wrote the first medical books
Pyramid Tombs Built to honor and protect the pharaohs
Protected bodies from floods, animals, and thieves
Contained personal belongings of the pharaos Weapons, furniture, clothes, jewelry
How Were the Pyramids Built? Thousands of workers over many years Mostly done over summer when the Nile flooded Imhotep was the first engineer to build the
pyramids
Turn to page 114 and let’s discuss the process of placing the stones used to build the pyramids.
Important Discoveries Used astronomy to determine which way North
was Invented a 365 day calendar, with 12 months Invented written number system based on 10
Daily Life Egypt had a population of 5 million people
Mostly lived in the river valley and delta
Social Groups - determined by roles in society Highest Class – The Pharaoh
Upper Class – Priests, Nobles, Army Commanders Had expensive houses/clothes/jewelry and servants
Middle Class – Traders, Artisans, Scribes Smaller homes and dressed simpler
Lower Class – Farmers and Herders Rented land from upper class
Homes were very small
Lowest – Unskilled workers Largest class
Performed manual labor – involving physical effort
Egyptian FamiliesFamily groups were extremely importantFather was the head of the familyWomen held similar legal status to men
Very different to other civilizationsCould hold positions as high as a priest
Children rarely attended schoolGirls learned to cook/sewBoys learned their father’s trade
Reflect: What class do you think teachers belonged to in ancient Egypt?
Exit Ticket
One topic I learned about was ____________, which was significant during __________
because ________________. One topic that is related to this is _____________, which is related
because _____________. Another topic that is related is ___________, which is related because
___________. One question I still have is _____________.
Chapter 5
Lesson 3
Bell Ringer
Explain why the Egyptians built the pyramids and how it was supposed to protect the people inside.
A Golden Age 2200 BC – pharaohs weaken in Memphis 200 years of nobles fighting over power A new dynasty establishes the Middle Kingdom
Lasts from 2055 BC – 1650 BC
Conquests Conquered Nubia to the south and Syria to the
northeast Required tribute from newly conquered people Increased amount of farm land Built more canals to increase water supply and
trade
The Arts Flourish Arts and architecture thrived during the Middle Kingdom Many structures were painted and statues of pharaohs built Pharaohs were buried in cliffs west of the Nile River rather
than pyramids Known as “The Valley of the Kings”
The Hyksos 1600s BC – Civil war divides Egypt, ending era of peace Hyksos invade weakened Egypt from western Asia Defeated Egyptian soldiers and controlled Egypt
Used chariots and bronze/iron weapons
Controlled Egypt for 100 years Egyptians planned to overthrow them
1550 BC Prince Ahmose forms an army and defeats the Hyksos
Learned to use Hyksos weapons and chariots
Building an Empire Ahmose founds a new dynasty – The New
Kingdom Lasts from 1550 BC – 1070 BC
Prospers from trade and conquests No longer isolated
Reaches its most powerful heights
A Woman Pharaoh 1473 – Queen Hatshepsut comes to power
Ruled on behalf of her nephew
Needed to prove she was worthy to be pharaoh Wore traditional clothes of male pharaohs Built many temples and restored old ones
Growth of Trade Hatshepsut favored trade over war
Traveled to Arabia and East Africa
Incense – produces a pleasant smell when burned
Valued wood due to a lack of it in the Nile River Valley
Traded with the Phoenicians east of the Mediterranean Sea
Trade and Politics The Phoenicians traded Egyptian goods with others across
southwest Asia
Hatshepsut used wealth from this trade to build new monuments
Developed ties with other nearby kingdoms through treaty or marriage
Babylonians in Mesopotamia
Mittani in Syria
Hittites in Anatolia
Exchanged envoys – a government representative to another country
First time groups of nations worked together for a common goal
Expanding the EmpireThutmose III becomes pharaoh after
HatshepsutExpanded Egyptian control and wealth
North to the Euphrates RiverSouth into NubiaCaptures a total of 350 cities
Slavery becomes very commonCould own land, marry, and eventually gain
freedom
Two Unusual Pharaohs Amenhotep IV
Came to power around 1370 BC
Changes religion to one god with support of his wife Nefertiti Believed priests had grown too powerful and wealthy
Worshipped Aton – the sun god
Changed name to Akhenaton – “spirit of Aton”
Egyptians are not pleased with this
Egypt lost most land in western Asia due to weakness
King Tutankhamen Came to power around 1360 BC at 10 years old
Restored polygamy as religion
The most famous pharaoh of all
Tomb was discovered with many treasures
Recovery and Decline 1200s BC – pharaohs try to restore greatness through
trade, war, and building
Ramses II Ruled from 1270 BC – 1213 BC
Most successful during this time
Conquered land to the north
Age of Temples Ramses and others built many temples
Karnak at Thebes – huge columned halls Still exists today
Temples were used for special occasions and as banks
Why Did Egypt Decline? After Ramses II, Egypt declines – becomes
weaker Pharaohs fought costly wars Controlled only the Nile Delta by 1150 BC Finally conquered completely by Kush in 670 BC
Reflection: Describe how religion changed in Egypt under Akhenaton and Tutankhamen.
Exit Ticket
One topic I learned about was ____________, which was significant during __________
because ________________. One topic that is related to this is _____________, which is related
because _____________. Another topic that is related is ___________, which is related because
___________. One question I still have is _____________.
Chapter 5
Lesson 4
Bell Ringer
List one accomplishment for each of the following pharaohs:
1. Hatshepsut
2. 2. Thutmose III
3. 3. Amenhotep IV
4. 4. Tutankhamen
5. 5. Ramses II
The Nubians Nubia was located south of Egypt along the Nile River
First settled in 2000 BC by cattle herders Savannas – grassy plains
Did not rely on the Nile Lands received rainfall year round
Skilled hunters with the bow and arrow
Rise of Kerma Strong villages conquered the weak and created the
Kingdom of Kerma
Grew wealthy from agriculture and gold
Developed strong ties with Egypt through trade
Also buried pharaohs in tombs with valuables
Egyptian Invasion 1400s BC – Egypt conquers Nubia after 50 year
war Ruled for 700 years
Nubians adopted many Egyptian traditions Religion, hieroglyphics, tools
The Kushite Kingdom Nubians broke away during Egypt’s weak Middle
Kingdom 850 BC – Nubians for the kingdom of Kush
Capital was called Napata
Located along a major trade route Grew very wealthy through trade
Kush Conquers Egypt 750 BC – King Kashta invaded Egypt
Died before end of the war
728 BC - Piye, son of Kashta, completes the conquest of Egypt
Founds 25th dynasty to rule Egypt
Admired Egyptian culture Worshipped same gods, built pyramids as tombs
Using Iron Kush ruled Egypt for 60 years 671 BC – Assyrians take Egypt from Kush using iron
weapons Kushites then learn how to make iron from the
Assyrians Farming and weaponry advance because of this
The Capital of Meroe 540 BC – capital city is moved to Meroe
Close to cataracts, protects them from invasion
Nile River allows for transportation and trade
Becomes a center of iron production
Designed to look like Egyptian cities
A Trading Center Meroe was the center of African trade routes
Traded many unique African goods with Arabia, China, Rome, and India
Textiles – woven cloth
Remained a great trading kingdom for 600 years
Destroyed by Axum in 350 AD
Reflect: How did the use of iron affect Kush?
Exit Ticket
One topic I learned about was ____________, which was significant during __________
because ________________. One topic that is related to this is _____________, which is related
because _____________. Another topic that is related is ___________, which is related because
___________. One question I still have is _____________.