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Extraction and Refinement of Common Nonmetallic Materials
Alessandro Anzalone, Ph.D.
Hillsborough Community College, Brandon CampusAlessandro Anzalone, Ph.D.
Hillsborough Community College, Brandon Campus
Agenda
1. Petrochemicals2. Polymers2. Polymers3. Plastic Finishes4. Engineering Properties of Plastics5. Elastomers and Adhesives6. Petroleum Products7. Ceramic Materials8. Wood Products9. References
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Petrochemicals
Petroleum itself is defined as a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons, generally in a liquid state, which may also include compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, metals, and other elements (ASTM ) I ifi t t l h l b (ASTM, 2005). In more specific terms, petroleum has also been defined (ITAA, 1936) as:
Any naturally occurring hydrocarbon, whether in a liquid, gaseous, or solid state
Any naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons, whether in a liquid, gaseous or solid state
Any naturally occurring mixture of one or more hydrocarbons, y y g y ,whether in a liquid, gaseous, or solid state and one or more of the following, that is to say, hydrogen sulfide, helium, and carbon dioxide
Petrochemicals
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Petrochemicals
Petrochemicals
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Petrochemicals
Petrochemicals
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Petrochemicals
Chemicals made from crude oil, natural gas, and liquefied natural gas are the basic raw materials for many of the synthetic fibers, sealants, paints, synthetic rubbers, plastics, and other products. These products are typically polymers that are made from small molecules called monomers. These are the building blocks of these synthetic materials, and they derive their names from the Greek mono (one), poly (many), and meros (parts). Polymer chains are composed of monomer cells (raw materials) that are combined to produce these useful materials.
Polymers
There are two broad categories of polymers: thermosets and thermoplastics. Both have thermo in their name, but the heat referred to has opposite effects on each, When a thermoset polymer is heated it “sets”; it becomes rigid and hard. It achieves its highest strength and hardness. If heated again it will not soften; in fact, if heated long enough and at a high enough temperature, it will char rather than melt. In contrast, a thermoplastic becomes softer and weaker as its temperature is increased. Thermoplastic parts are formed at an elevated temperature and gain their strength when p g gcooled. If they are again subjected to heat they become softer and lose their strength.
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Polymers
Thermosets:
Alkyds Allyl Plastics Aminos Epoxies Phenolics Polyesters Polyurethanes
Polymers
Thermoplastics:
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Acetals Acrylics Cellulosics Fluoroplastics Ionomers Polyamides Polycarbonatesy Polyester Polyimide Polyolefins Polysulfone Polyvinyl Chloride Silicones
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Polymers
Polymers
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Polymers
Polymers
Various additives, pigments, and fillers are combined with polymer resins by mixing and kneading machinery. It is now possible to compound these materials continuously as a manufacturing
Th id d d di ifi d f l ti i tl process . The wide- spread and diversified use of plastics is partly possible because of additives that alter and strengthen the plastic resins to make them more easily processed and more useful. Some of the additives used are:
Antioxidants Blowing Agents Colorants Pigmentsg Fillers Plasticizers Reinforcements Stabilizers
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Polymers
Plastic Finishes
Almost every type of molded plastic part can be decorated to make it wear, scratch, and chemical resistant, as well as to give it aesthetic appeal. Some examples are:
The molding process can impart a decorative surface with raised or depressed designs in geometric patterns such as basket weave, pebble, or leather texture.
Other finishes are made with lacquers, enamels, and decorative overlays.
Plastics can be metalized on the surface by the process of y pvacuum metalizing and sputtering.
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Engineering Properties of Plastics
When a plastic material must be selected from the many available types for the manufacture of a new product, the choice must be based on the various engineering properties of the plastic. For example, if a gear was made of a brittle material such as acrylic with no reinforcing material, it made of a brittle material such as acrylic with no reinforcing material, it would shatter when a load was applied, but a high-performance plastic such as one of the acetals or nylons would make excellent gears for many purposes. However, if a less expensive, disposable plastic product was needed, it would be non- competitive and wasteful to select an expensive engineering plastic, and a low-cost material such as polystyrene should be selected. Some products must be made highly resistant to impact; some of these are automobile windshields, doors, bumpers, telephones, and toys. The engineer should probably choose the plastic for these items from among the high- impact polymers such as the polycarbonates, polyesters, and the newer polyphenylene oxide—based polymers and polyetherimides. Plastic resin manufacturers make the properties of their plastics available to engineers and designers.
Elastomers and Adhesives
Elastomers are materials, synthetic or natural, possessing rubbery qualities such as high resilience, extensibility, and elastic properties. The term rubber was originally used only for the
t l d t th t i bt i d f thi k ilk fl id (l t ) natural product that is obtained from a thick, milky fluid (latex) that oozes from certain plants when they are cut. Most latex comes from the Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) that grows in South America, Southeast Asia, and Sri Lanka. Natural rubber in the form of cured latex is a sticky, gummy substance that has a limited usefulness for rubber products.
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Elastomers and Adhesives
Elastomers and Adhesives
Adhesives bond two surfaces together as a kind of fastener. Sealants are materials that adhere to a crack or joint for the purpose of making a fluid or airtight seal. Sealants are very similar to
dh i i th t th t dh t th li f adhesives in that they must adhere to the sealing surface even though they usually do not have the high bonding strength of adhesives. Some types of sealants can remain soft and flexible for years, maintaining a good seal.
Prior to the development of synthetic adhesives, bonding agents were glues made from the hides and hooves of animals or parts of fish. Pastes were made of tree gums, starch, or casein. All these products were easily loosened by the action of moisture. Since p y ythere is little molecular attraction between these materials and the parts to be bonded, they are not very strong adhesives. Now, almost any material can be bonded to another if the right adhesive is used. Most adhesives used today are plastics, either thermoplastic or thermoset.
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Elastomers and Adhesives
Elastomers and Adhesives
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Petroleum Products
Lubricants Greases
Asphalts
Ceramic Materials
Traditionally. ceramic materials include clay, silica, glass. natural stone, and Portland cement (with which concrete is made). To this list must be added the materials used in the newer “engineered”
i t l id bid it id d lfid C i ceramics -metal oxides, carbides, nitrides, and sulfides. Ceramics are held together by ionic and covalent bonds, which are very strong but rigid and much less ductile than the metallic bond, making them subject to brittle failure. Because they are good thermal and electrical insulators and can withstand high temperatures, ceramic materials are extensively used in the electrical industry and furnace linings.
Engineered ceramics, along with plastics, appear to he among the rapidly growing areas of materials technology.
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Ceramic Materials
Clays Engineered Ceramics
Ceramic Materials
Glass Portland Cement Concrete
S i lt C t Specialty Concretes Polymer Concretes Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
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Ceramic Materials
Ceramic Materials
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Wood Products
Forest industries, in which wood products such as lumber, plywood, masonite, and particleboard are manufactured, supply a large portion of the building materials for homes and offices and for f it f t P d t d d f d l furniture manufacture. Paper products produced from wood pulp are extensively used in packaging and in printing. Wood is composed of cellulose, lignin, and small amounts of inorganic materials that make up the ash when wood is burned. Wood may be classified into two broad categories, hardwood and softwood.
Wood Products
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References
1. R Gregg Bruce, William K. Dalton, John E Neely, and Richard R Kibbe, , Modern Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, 2003, ISBN: 9780130946980
2. http://www.stg-refinery.com/images/Reference.jpg3. Surinder Parkash (2003), Refining Processes Handbook, Gulf Professional
Publishing ISBN: 9780750677219Publishing, ISBN: 9780750677219.4. http://www.leaderpetroleum.com/images/industrial_lubricants_pic.jpg5. http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/grease-209664.jpg6. http://img.alibaba.com/photo/105378559/Our_Road_Asphalt_Bitumen_Qualit
y_GOST22245_90_BND_200_300_BND_130_200_BND_90_130_BND_60_90_BND_40_60_BN_200_300_BN_130_20.jpg
7. http://www.indmin.com/images/696/70671/web.jpg8. http://www.ssurethane.com/images/vortinlet.jpg9. http://www.wab.ch/uploads/pics/ecm_ausf_1_01.jpg10. http://img.groundspeak.com/waymarking/aa3c58a9-b5f5-4d98-8ea2-p // g g p / y g/ 3 5 9 5 5 4 9
113a9475e7a5.jpg11. http://images.asia.ru/img/alibaba/photo/51682928/Log_Wooden_House.jpg12. http://industrialshapeandform.com/blog/blogs/media/blogs/blog/Images/200
9-Sept-Dec/plywood.jpg13. http://paamgroup.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/645.203101317.jpg
