Chapter 5

Geography of India•The people 1)lived in

a land of 2)extremes. •The 3)terrain was

varied and often presented great 4)challenges

•Extremes of weather were part of life for this civilization: ▫5)Droughts ▫6)Monsoons

Geography of India

•The great civilizations developed and flourished among: ▫7)Rivers▫8)Mountains▫9)Plains ▫10)Deserts▫Brainpop-Everest

Geography of India• Many 11)rivers flowed

through the region making the land 12)fertile

• One of the 13)main rivers was the 14)Indus river in the north-west

• It was on the banks of the Indus river that the 15)civilizations grew

Geography of India

•These people used:▫16)Writing▫17)Large building construction

▫18)Organized cities

•They would flourish for nearly 19)one thousand years.

Harappan Civilization• It is also known as the

20)Indus Valley Civilization

• The two greatest cities:▫ 21)Mohenjo-daro ▫ 22)Harappa

• They emerged around 23)2600 BC

• They settled along the Indus River 24)valley

Harappan Culture and Economy

• This civilization was mainly an 25)urban culture sustained by:▫Surplus agriculture

production▫26)Trade

• The cities were made up of 27)single family living

• Fortified administrative or 28)religious centers

Harappan Achievements• Houses had 29)bathrooms

with indoor plumbing• Developed a system of

weights and 30)measures• They developed the first

31)writing system in India• They made:

▫32)Excellent pottery▫33)Jewelry▫34)Ivory objects▫35)Cotton clothing

End of the Harappans’•By early in 36)1700

BC the civilization ended

•Most 37)historians believe the end was caused by one of the following reasons:▫38)Natural disasters

▫39)Invaders destroyed the cities

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Rise of the Aryans’

•Invaders from Central 40)Asia

•Took 41)control of the Indus Valley

•These people were skilled 42)warriors

•The word Aryan means “43)noble”

Aryans• Most of what we know

about them comes from 44)religious writing known as 45)Vedas

• They had no single ruling 46)authority

• Each 47)group had its own leader

• Their 48)villages were governed by a 49)Raja

Aryan Caste System•The Aryans divided

their 50)society into separate castes.

•51)Castes were unchanging groups.

•A person 52)born into one caste never 53)changed castes or 54)mixed with members of other castes.

Aryan Caste System

•Caste members:▫55)Lived▫56)Ate▫57)Married ▫58)Worked

•With their own group.

Aryan Caste System•At the 59)top of the caste system were the Brahmin – ▫60)Priests▫61)Teachers▫62)Judges

•The Kshatriya▫63)Warrior caste

Aryan Caste System

•The Vaishya caste– ▫64)Farmers ▫65)Merchants

•Sudras, were: ▫66)Craft workers

▫67)Laborers

Aryan Caste System

•The untouchables were the 68)outcasts

•These people were so 69)low they lived 70)outside of the caste system

Aryan Caste System• Their jobs or habits

involved “71)polluting activities” including:▫72)Fishing ▫73)Butchers ▫74)People who ate

meat• Any other job that

required you to work with dead 75)animals.

Aryan Caste System•Outcastes were often

forbidden to enter:▫76)Temples▫77)Schools▫78)Water wells used

by other caste groups

•The sight of untouchables was thought to be 79)polluting

Aryan Caste System•They were forced to

80)sleep during the day and 81)work at night

•Many left their rigid 82)social structure by converting:▫83)Islam▫84)Buddhism▫85)Christianity

Aryan Language

•The 86)language of the people was known as 87)Sanskrit

•Many of the South 88)Asian languages are 89)rooted in Sanskrit

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Hinduism• This religion believes in

many 90)gods (polytheism)

• There are three major gods:▫ 91)Brahma the

creator▫ 92)Siva the destroyer▫ 93)Vishnu the

Preserver• All three are part of the

universal spirit of 94)Brahman

Hinduism

•Both men and 95)women could gain salvation

•Hinduism also taught that women were 96)inferior to men

•Women were not allowed to read the 97)sacred texts

Reincarnation

•The soul is called the 98)Atman

•This holds the 99)personality of a person

•The main 100)goal of reincarnation is to be reunited with 101)Brahman

Reincarnation

•You live through several 102)lifetimes

•You are trying to see through the 103)Illusions of the world

•Once you 104)succeed you will stay with Brahma

Karma

•This is the effects that 105)good and bad actions have on a person’s 106)soul

•Evil actions build 107)bad karma

•A person with bad karma is reincarnated into a 108)lower caste or lower life form

Karma

•109)Good actions build good karma

•These people are born again into a 110)higher caste in their next life

•Good karma brings 111)salvation known as 112)moksha

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Jainism

•A religion based on the teaching of 113)Mahavira

•They try to live by four principles:▫114)Injure no life▫115)Tell the truth▫116)Do not steal▫117)Own no property

Jainism

•They believed that 118)everything is alive and part of the cycle of 119)rebirth

•They are 120)vegetarians

Buddhism

•In the late 121)500s BC a young Indian prince named 122)Siddhartha Gautama

•He attracted many 123)dissatisfied followers of 124)Hinduism.

Buddhism

•He looked around his 125)world and saw how hard other 126)people had to work and how much they 127)suffered.

Buddhism•He began to ask 128)questions about the meaning of 129)life.

•When he reached the age of 130)30 he left home to look for 131)answers.

Buddhism

•His 132)journey took him to many regions in 133)India.

•He spoke with 134)priests and people of wisdom on his 135)travels.

Buddhism

•He wanted to free his 136)mind from daily concerns.

•He started 137)fasting (going without food)

•Devoted time to 138)meditation (focusing the mind on spiritual ideas)

Buddhism•Its 139)believed that he spent 6 years 140)wandering India.

•He came to a city on the Ganges River named 141)Gaya

Buddhism

•He sat under a 142)tree and meditated.

•After 7 143)weeks he realized why humans 144)suffer.

Buddhism

•First 145)wanting what we like but do not have.

•Wanting to 146)keep what we like and 147)already have.

•148)Not wanting what we dislike but have.

Buddhism

•He spent another 7 149)weeks under the tree meditating.

•Today the name is known as the 150)Tree of Wisdom

Buddhism

•He was almost 151)35 years old when he became 152)enlightened.

•From this point he would be known as 153)Buddha

Buddhism•Buddha traveled across 154)northern India teaching people his 155)ideas.

•He shared with the people the 156)Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths of Buddhism

•First Truth—157)Suffering and unhappiness are part of life. No one can 158)escape sorrow.

•Second Truth—Suffering comes from our 159)desires for pleasure and material 160)goods.

Four Noble Truths of Buddhism•Third Truth—People can 161)overcome desire and ignorance and reach 162)nirvana (a state of perfect peace)

•Fourth Truth—People can overcome 163)ignorance and desire by following 164)The Eightfold Path

The Spread of Buddhism•After the 165)death of

Buddha in 483 BC his followers 166)spread his ideas throughout India and later into parts of 167)Asia

•168)Missionaries would reach regions in:▫168)Syria▫169)Egypt

The Spread of Buddhism

•It would spread along the 170)Silk road and reach areas in: ▫171)China▫172)Korea ▫173)Japan

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Mauryan Empire (321 to 185 BC)

•This Empire lasted for around 174)150 years.

•The military leader 175)Candragupta Maurya seized control of northern India.

•He established the new capital at 176)Patna

Mauryan Empire (321 to 185 BC)

•He 177)unified the subcontinent for the first time and 178)contributed to the spread of 179)Buddhism.

Mauryan Empire (321 to 185 BC)

•The empire included:▫180)Spies▫181)Large Army▫182)War Elephants▫183)Chariots

•Citizens were required to pay 184)taxes to receive governmental 185)protection.

Mauryan Empire (321 to 185 BC)

•186)Candragupta stepped down in 301 BC to become a 187)Jainist monk.

•188)Bindusara was the son of Chandragupta.

•His 189)reign lasted until 272 BC

Mauryan Empire (321 to 185 BC)

•The 190)son of Bindusara came to power in 191)270BC

•192)Asoka is considered the 193)strongest of all the Mauryan rulers

Mauryan Empire (321 to 185 BC)

•He 194)extended the empire to most of 195)India.

•For many years he 196)watched his armies fight 197)bloody battles.

•He took the 198)deaths of his men 199)personally .

Mauryan Empire (321 to 185 BC)

•After several years of ruling he converted to 200)Buddhism.

•He changed how he governed by improving life for his citizens:▫201)Wells Dug▫202)Built Roads▫203)Planted Shade Trees

Mauryan Empire (321 to 185 BC)

•He also 204)encouraged the spread of Buddhism throughout 205)Asia

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Gupta Empire 320AD-500AD

•After five hundred 206)years, India emerged from the 207)dark ages

•This starts the 208)classical age of the 209)Gupta dynasty

•This dynasty ushered in the next major 210)empire.

Gupta Empire 320AD-500AD

• The dynasty is often known as the 211)Golden Age of Indian culture

• Because of:▫212)Peace▫213)Progress ▫214)Prosperity

• Great advances were made in:▫215)Art▫216)Literature▫217)Science

Gupta Empire 320AD-500AD

•There was renewed enthusiasm in 218)religions like Hinduism

•The world's first 219)universities were established

Gupta Empire 320AD-500AD

•The dynasty was founded by a man known as 220)Chandra Gupta I

•He broke away from the 221)dozens of kings of the period

•He created a good size 222)kingdom

Gupta Achievements•Great works of 223)Hindu

and 224)Buddhist Art•Grand 225)temples built

for these religions that stand today

•Paintings and 226)Sculptures

•Writing that included:▫227)Sanskrit Epics▫228)Plays ▫229)Poetry

Gupta Achievements•Other advancements

included: •230)Metalworking

▫This included the process of combining two or more 231)metals into one (Alloy)

•332)Math▫Created the 233)Hindu-

Arabic numerals

Gupta Achievements•234)Science

▫They had a great interest in 235)Astronomy. They knew the Sun was a 236)star. And they knew the Earth was a 237)sphere.

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