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Chapter 5-Igneous Rocks
Lecture notes- to be put in notebook
What are igneous rocks?
• Temperature generally increases with depth in Earth’s crust.
• Pressure also increases with depth, a result of the weight of overlying rock.
What are igneous rocks?• As pressure on rock
increases, its melting point also increases.
• Different minerals have different melting points, not all parts of a rock melt at the same time.
• Partial melting -Some minerals melt at low temperatures while other minerals remain solid.
• As each group of minerals melts, different elements are added to the magma “stew”
• Fractional crystallization-When magma cools, it crystallizes in the reverse order of partial melting.
• As each group of minerals crystallizes, it removes elements from the remaining magma instead of adding new elements.
Mineral composition-
• Felsic rocks such as granite are light-colored, have high silica contents,
–contain quartz and the feldspars orthoclase and plagioclase.
GraniteGranite
Mineral composition- • Mafic rocks such as
gabbro are dark-colored, have lower silica contents, and are rich in iron and magnesium. – contain plagiocide, biotite,
amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.
GabbroGabbro
• Diorite is a good example of an intermediate rock with moderate amounts of biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene.
DioriteDiorite
• Ultramafic rocks-have low silica contents and very high levels of iron and magnesium–Peridotite and dunite –Formed by the crystallization
of olivine and pyroxene
Peridotite & DunitePeridotite & Dunite
• Cooling rates-–Extrusive igneous rocks such as
obsidian have no visible mineral grains (cooled quickly)
–Intrusive igneous rocks such as gabbro may have crystals larger than 1 cm (cooled slowly)
• Cooling rates- Continued• Geologists make thin sections of
minerals so that they can see the shapes of the grains
• Interlocking edges form when the grains crystallize and grow together
• During fractional crystallization, the minerals that form early in the process float in a liquid and have space to grow distinct shapes
• Porphyritic rocks have grains of two different sizes
–Caused by slowly cooling magma which suddenly begins to cool rapidly
• The interlocking grain textures of igneous rocks help to give them strength.
• Many of the minerals found in igneous rocks are resistant to weathering.
• Granite is among the most durable of igneous rocks.
Ore Deposits
• Valuable ore deposits are often associated with igneous intrusions.
• These ore deposits are found within igneous rock, such as the layered intrusions.
Ore Deposits
• Veins-Metallic elements are released at the end of magma crystallization.–Veins of extremely large-
grained minerals are called pegmatites.
• Diamonds are found in ultramafic rocks known as kimberlites.
• Diamond can only form under very high pressures.