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Chapter 5
Microbial Metabolism
Metabolism - all of the chemical reactions within a living organism1. Catabolism ( Catabolic )
breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler compounds
releases ENERGY2. Anabolism ( Anabolic )
the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
requires ENERGY
Enzymes - catalysts that speed up and direct chemical reactionsA. Enzymes are substrate specific
Lipases LipidsSucrases SucroseUreases UreaProteases ProteinsDNases DNA
Enzyme Specificity can be explained by the Lock and Key Theory
E + S -----> ES ------> E + P
Naming of Enzymes - most are named by adding “ase” to the substrateSucrose SucraseLipids LipaseDNA DNaseProteins Proteaseremoves a Hydrogen Dehydrogenaseremoves a phosphate phosphotase
Naming of EnzymesGrouped based on type of reaction they
catalyze1. Oxidoreductases oxidation &
reduction2. Hydrolases hydrolysis3. Ligases synthesis
Enzyme Components
2 Parts
1. Apoenzyme - protein portion
2. Coenzyme (cofactor) - non-protein
Holoenzyme - whole enzyme
Coenzymes Many are derived from vitamins
1. NiacinNAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
2. RiboflavinFAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)
3. Pantothenic AcidCoEnzyme A
Factors that Influence Enzymatic Activity
Denaturation of an Active Protein
Inhibitors can effect enzymatic activity
1. Competitive Inhibitors
2. Noncompetitive Inhibitors
Competitive Inhibitors -compete for the active site
1. Penicillin competes for the active site on the enzyme
involved in the synthesis of the pentaglycine crossbridge
2. Sulfanilamide (Sulfa Drugs)competes for the active site on the enzyme
that converts PABA into Folic AcidFolic Acid - required for the synthesis of DNA and RNA
Selective Toxicity
Non-competitive Inhibitors - attach to an allosteric site
Energy Production1. Oxidation
refers to the loss of Hydrogens and or electrons
2. Reductionthe gain of Hydrogens and or electrons
NAD Cycle
Carbohydrate CatabolismMicroorganisms oxidize carbohydrates as
their primary source of energyGlucose - most common energy sourceEnergy obtained from Glucose by:
RespirationFermentation
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Electrons released by oxidation are passed down an Electron Transport System with oxygen being the Final Electron Acceptor
General Equation:
Glucose + oxygen----> Carbon dioxide + water
ATP
Chemical EquationC6H12O6 + 6 O2 -------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O 38 ADP + 38 P 38 ATP
Aerobic Cellular Respiration4 subpathways
1. Glycolysis2. Transition Reaction3. Kreb’s Cycle4. Electron Transport System
1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)Oxidation of Glucose into 2 molecules of
Pyruvic acidEmbden-Meyerhof Pathway
End Products of Glycolysis:2 Pyruvic acid2 NADH22 ATP
2. Transition ReactionConnects Glycolysis to Krebs Cycle
End Products:2 Acetyl CoEnzyme A2 CO2
2 NADH2
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)Series of chemical reactions that begin and
end with citric acid
Products:2 ATP6 NADH2
2 FADH2
4 CO2
4. Electron Transport SystemOccurs within the cell membrane of
Bacteria
Chemiosomotic Model of Mitchell34 ATP
How 34 ATP from E.T.S. ?3 ATP for each NADH2
2 ATP for each FADH2
NADH2
Glycolysis 2T. R. 2Krebs Cycle 6
Total 10
10 x 3 = 30 ATP
FADH2
Glycolysis 0T.R. 0Krebs Cycle 2
Total 2
2 x 2 = 4 ATP
Total ATP production for the complete oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose in Aerobic Respiration
ATPGlycolysis 2Transition Reaction 0Krebs Cycle 2E.T.S. 34
Total 38 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration Electrons released by oxidation are passed
down an E.T.S., but oxygen is not the final electron acceptor
Nitrate (NO3-) ----> Nitrite (NO2-)Sulfate (SO2
4-) ----> Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
Carbonate (CO24-) -----> Methane (CH4)
FermentationAnaerobic process that does not use the
E.T.S. Usually involves the incomplete oxidation of a carbohydrate which then becomes the final electron acceptor.
Glycolysis - plus an additional step
Fermentation may result in numerous end products
1. Type of organism
2. Original substrate
3. Enzymes that are present and active
1. Lactic Acid FermenationOnly 2 ATPEnd Product - Lactic AcidFood SpoilageFood Production
Yogurt - MilkPickles - CucumbersSauerkraut - Cabbage
2 Genera:StreptococcusLactobacillus
2. Alcohol FermentationOnly 2 ATPEnd products:
alcoholCO2
Alcoholic BeveragesBread dough to rise
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast)
3. Mixed - Acid FermentationOnly 2 ATPEnd products - “FALSE”
Escherichia coli and other enterics
Propionic Acid Fermentation
Only 2 ATPEnd Products:
Propionic acidCO2
Propionibacterium sp.
Fermentation End Products
Lipid Catabolism
Protein Catabolism
Photosynthesis - conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy
Chemical energy is used to reduce CO2 to sugar (CH2O)
Carbon Fixation - recycling of carbon in the environment (Life as we known is dependant on this)
PhotosynthesisGreen Plants AlgaeCyanobacteria
Chemical Equation
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight -----> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
2 Parts:1. Light Reaction2. Dark Reaction
Light ReactionNon-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
O2
ATPNADPH2
Light Reaction (simplified)
2. Dark Reaction