CHAPTER 5MINERALS

Name: __________________

Period: _____

Date: ___________________

Minerals are S.O.N.I.C.

a substance must meet the following criteria to be classified as a mineral:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Formation of Minerals

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Crystals are a H.OT.M.I.T.

An orderly arrangement of atoms in a mineral Will form one of the six basic shapes:

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Mineral Families SSSCOHN

Minerals are grouped into families by their chemical structure. There are seven families:

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Silicates

__________of the earth’s crust Made from different atoms and __________ and

_______________ plus a metal (aluminum or iron), some do not have this metal (quartz)

Basic building block is the _____________________which is one silicon atom bonded to _____oxygen atoms

Classified on how the tetrahedron is linked together ( chains or single sheet)

Common: mica, feldspar, quartz, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine, beryl

Carbonates

Made from different atoms and __________ and 3 __________ plus a metal (aluminum or iron)

Most common is calcite and dolomite used in building materials

Other common: azurite, malachite

Oxides

Made from different atoms and __________ plus a metal (usually iron)

Used in steel industry, magnets, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints

Common: hematite, magnetite

Sulfides

Made from different atoms and ______________ plus a metal (iron)

Used is medicines, cosmetics, plastics, paints, and industry

Common: pyrite, galena

Sulfates

Made from different atoms and ____________ and ___________ plus a metal (aluminum or iron)

Used in steel industry, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints

Common: Gypsum, Celestine, barite

Halides

Atoms bonded with any one of the following elements _________, ___________, _________, __________, ____________ plus a metal

Used in steel industry, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints

Common: Fluorite, Halite,

Native Elements

Any mineral that is made ___________________________

Used in steel industry, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints

Common: Gold, Silver, Platinum, Potassium, Calcium,

Classification

Physical inspection and tests identify minerals: ____________: least reliable ____________: true color of mineral ____________: can be metallic or nonmetallic ____________: the strength of a mineral not to be

scratched ___________________: its mass compared to water ______________: Cleavage or Fracture Special Properties: these are special identifying traits

that some minerals posses

Color

Observation Some minerals identified by their unique color:

Sulfur is yellow Azurite is blue Malachite is green

Most un reliable: Many minerals can have the same color Weathering/oxidation of mineral surface can change

true color

Streak

By rubbing a mineral on a unglazed porcelain tile, a minerals true color can be found

Some nonmetallic minerals have a colorless or white streak

Most metallic minerals have a grey or black streak

Luster

How a mineral reflects light Metallic: looks like rusted or shiny metal Nonmetallic: does not look like meta Some descriptions:

Shiny Earthy Brilliant Dull Glassy Pearly Waxy

Hardness

The resistance of a mineral to being scratched

Based on atom alignment Test with the Moh’s scale

1 is softest: talc10 hardest: diamond

Breakage

________________: breaking mineral and it cleaves into smooth flat surfaces (or right angles are made)

________________: breaking mineral and it does not cleaveDescriptive: fibrous, splintery, jagged,

Conchoidal

Cleavage

Fracture

Specific Gravity

Comparing the mass of a mineral to an equal volume of water

Metallic Minerals have a higher specific gravity (3 to 5)

Nonmetallic usually can have a lower specific gravity (1 to 3)

Special Properties

Phosphorous: can continue to glow after UV turned off

Fluorescence: can glow under UV light Magnetic: can attract metals Refractive: can bend light Radioactive: can send off radioactive

particles

Flouresence

Phosphoresence

Refractive