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Foundations in Microbiology
Chapter
5
PowerPoint to accompany
Fifth Edition
Talaro
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Eucaryotic cells andmicroorganisms
Chapter 5
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3 Eucaryotic cells
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Flagella
long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules
in a 9+2 arrangement
covered by an extension of the cell membrane
10X thicker than procaryotic flagella
function in motility
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Flagella
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Glycocalyx an outermost boundary that comes into direct contact
with environment
usually composed of polysaccharides
appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer or a
capsule
functions in adherence, protection, & signal reception
beneath the glycocalyxfungi and most algae have a thick, rigid cell wall
protozoa, a few algae, and all animal cells lack a
cell wall & have only a membrane
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Glycocalyx structure
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Cell wall
rigid & provide structural support & shape
fungi have thick inner layer of
polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin orcellulose & a thin layer of mixed glycans
Algae varies in chemical composition;
substances commonly found includecellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide,& calcium carbonate
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nucleus
compact sphere, most prominent organelleof eucaryotic cell
nuclear envelope is composed of twoparallel membranes separated by a narrowspace & is perforated with pores
contains chromosomes nucleolus dark area for rRNA synthesis &ribosome assembly
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nucleus
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Mitosis
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) originatesfrom the outer membrane of the nuclear envelop &extends in a continuous network throughcytoplasm; rough due to ribosomes, proteins aresynthesized & shunted into the ER for packaging& transport. First step in secretory pathway.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) closedtubular network without ribosomes, functions innutrient processing, synthesis & storage of lipids,etc.
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
(RER)
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Golgi apparatus
consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae
closely associated with ER
Transistional vesicles from the ER containingproteins go to the Golgi apparatus for modification
and maturation
Condensing vesicles transport proteins to organelles
or secretory proteins to the outside
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Golgi apparatus
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Transport process
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lysosomes
vesicles containing enzymes
involved in intracellular digestion of food
particles & in protection against invading
microbes
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lysosomes
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mitochondria
consists of an outer membrane & an inner
membrane with folds called cristae
cristae hold the enzymes & electron carriers ofareobic respiration
divide independently of cell
contain DNA and procaryotic ribosomes function in energy production
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mitochondria
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chloroplast
found in algae & plant cells
outer membrane covers inner membrane folded
into sacs, thylakoids, stacked into grana larger than mitochondria
contain photosynthetic pigments
convert the energy of sunlight into chemicalenergy through photosynthesis
primary producers of organic nutrients for other
organisms
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chloroplast
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cytoskeleton
flexible framework of proteins,
microfilaments & microtubules form
network throughout cytoplasm involved in movement of cytoplasm,
ameboid movement, transport, & structural
support
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cytoskeleton
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ribosomes
composed of rRNA and proteins
40S and 60S subunits form 80S ribosomes
larger than procaryotic ribosomes
function in protein synthesis
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Survey of eucaryotic microbes
Fungi
Algae
Protozoa
Parasitic helminths
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Kingdom Fungi
100,000 species divided into 2 groups:
macroscopic fungi ( mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi)
microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts) majority are unicellular or colonial, a few have
cellular specialization
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microscopic fungi
exist in 2 morphologies
yeast round ovoid shape, asexual
reproductionhyphae long filamentous fungi or molds
some exist in either form dimorphic
characteristic of pathogens
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Morphology of yeasts
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Hyphae or mold
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Fungal nutrition
all are heterotrophic
majority are harmless saprobes living off deadplants & animals
some are parasites, living on the tissues of otherorganisms, but none are obligate; mycoses fungal infections
growth temperature 20o
-40o
C extremely widespread distribution in many
habitats
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Fungal Reproduction
primarily through spores formed on special
reproductive hyphae
asexual reproduction spores are formedthrough budding or in conidia or
sporangiospores
sexual reproduction spores are formedfollowing fusion of male & female strains &
formation of sexual structure
sexual spores are one basis for classification
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Asexual mold spores
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4 main divisions based on spore type
1. Zygomycota
2. Ascomycota
3. Basidiomycota
4. Deuteromycota no sexual spores
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I. Zygospores
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II. Ascospores
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III. Basidospores
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Roles of fungi
decomposers of dead plants and animals
sources of antibiotics
used in making foods & in genetic studies
adverse impact food spoilage, mycoses,
toxin production
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Kingdom Protista
algae
protozoa
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Algae
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Algae
classified according to types of pigments &
cell wall
provide basis of food web in most aquatichabitats
produce large proportion of atmospheric O2
used for cosmetics, food & medical products
Dinoflagellates cause red tides & give off
toxins
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Protozoa
65,000 species
most are unicellular, colonies are rare
most have locomoter structures flagella, cilia, orpseudopods
vary in shape
lack a cell wall & chloroplasts
can exist in trophozoite- motile feeding stage orcyst a dormant resistant stage
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Protozoa
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Protozoa
all are heterotrophic,
most are free-living in a moist habitat
feed by engulfing other microbes & organic
matter
some are animal parasites & can be spread
by insect vectors
asexual and sexual reproduction
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Groups based on locomotion &
reproduction Mastigophora flagellates
Sarcodina amebas
Ciliophora ciliates
Apicomplexa all parasites motility not
well developed; produce unique
reproductive structures
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Mastigophora flagellates
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Sarcodina amebas
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Ciliophora ciliates
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Apicomplexa
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Parasitic Helminths
multicellular animals, organs for reproduction,digestion, movement, protection
parasitize host tissues
have mouthparts for attachment to or digestion ofhost tissues
most have well-developed sex organs that produce
eggs and sperm. fertilized eggs go through larval period in or out of
host body
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Major groups of helminths
1. flatworms flat, no definite body cavity;digestive tract a blind pouch; simple excretory &nervous systems
cestodes (tapeworms)
trematodes or flukes, are flattened , nonsegmentedworms with sucking mouthparts
1. roundworms (nematodes)- round, a complete
digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle,spines & hooks on mouth; excretory & nervoussystems poorly developed
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Helminths
50 species parasitize humans
acquired though ingestion of larvae or eggs
in food; from soil or water; some are carriedby insect vectors
afflict billions of humans
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