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Chapter 5Chapter 5
Prisons
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
IntroductionIntroduction Prison–institution designed to house
convicted felons serving one year or more
Public’s attitude toward crime has resulted in prisons becoming most popular correctional tool for punishment, deterrence, and incapacitation
Prison construction boom
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Current Status of Prisons in Current Status of Prisons in the United Statesthe United States
President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice report (1967) advocated for more rehabilitative and less punitive stance
Public opinion has changed over the last several decades
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Primary function is to hold convicted felons
Prisoners do not just sit in cells all day Rhodes v. Chapman–“totality of
conditions” standard Brucino v. Carlson Key to successful prison is to keep inmates
productively occupied
The Role and Mission of PrisonsThe Role and Mission of Prisons
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Mission–statement of what an agency is to accomplish
For most prisons the mission is legislatively created
Common mission is “to supervise criminal offenders during period of sentence, protect public, and assist with rehabilitation”
The Role and Mission of PrisonsThe Role and Mission of Prisons
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
By the end of 2004 over 2 million incarcerated
Shift in policies has influenced use of prisons
Public is more fearful of crime
Influence of politics
More lengthy prison sentences
Growth of the Prison PopulationGrowth of the Prison Population
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Supervision in the community also affected
Shift from counseling to risk management and surveillance
New penology–traditional objectives of rehabilitation and reduction of recidivism replaced by rational and efficient use of control strategies
“War on drugs”
The Role and Mission of PrisonsThe Role and Mission of Prisons
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Likelihood of Going to Prison In 1997 BJS report estimated 5.1 percent of
all people in the United States would be confined in state or federal prison
This has increased due to increase in incarceration rates
Men more likely to be incarcerated than women
Varies by ethnicity
The Role and Mission of PrisonsThe Role and Mission of Prisons
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Meeting the Growth Demands Increased funding to build prisons 28 new prisons under construction in 2002 58 prisons being renovated 25,869 new beds at cost of $1.5 billion Increased operating budgets for all three
areas of the system (police, courts, corrections)
The Role and Mission of PrisonsThe Role and Mission of Prisons
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Adult Prison Systems Adult Prison Systems in the United Statesin the United States
State penal codes usually include street crimes such as murder, robbery, burglary
U.S. Congress has continually federalized crimes such as bank robbery, kidnapping, etc.
As a result less of a distinction between types of inmates in state and federal prisons
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Three Penitentiary Act (1891) authorized construction of three federal prisons to house federal offenders
Established the Federal Bureau of Prisons
Congress passed an act to establish BOP in 1930
The Federal Prison SystemThe Federal Prison SystemEstablishment of the Establishment of the
Federal Bureau of PrisonsFederal Bureau of Prisons
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Growth resulted from acts of Congress White Slave Act (1910) Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) Volstead Act (1918) Dyer Act (1919)
The Federal Prison SystemThe Federal Prison SystemGrowth of the Bureau of PrisonsGrowth of the Bureau of Prisons
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Federal Prison SystemThe Federal Prison System
Sentencing Reform Act (1984)- an act of Congress that abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time available to federal offenders
Growth of the Bureau of PrisonsGrowth of the Bureau of Prisons
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Federal Prison SystemThe Federal Prison System
Five security levels
1) Minimum (federal prison camps)–dormitory housing, low staff-to-inmate ratio, limited or no perimeter fencing
2) Low (federal correctional institutions)–double-fenced perimeters, mostly dormitory housing, strong work and program components, and a higher staff-to-inmate ratio
The Bureau of Prisons TodayThe Bureau of Prisons Today
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Federal Prison SystemThe Federal Prison System
Five security levels (continued)
3) Medium (federal correctional institutions)–double fences with electronic detection systems, mostly cells for housing, higher staff-to-inmate ratio
4) High (U.S. penitentiaries)–highly secure perimeters, cell housing, high staff-to-inmate ratios, close control of inmate movement
Growth of the Bureau of PrisonsGrowth of the Bureau of Prisons
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Federal Prison SystemThe Federal Prison System
Five security levels (continued)
5) Administrative–institutions with special missions: detention of pretrial offenders, treatment of inmates with serious or chronic medical problems, or containment of extremely dangerous, violent, or escape-prone inmates; also houses inmates under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Marshals
Growth of the Bureau of PrisonsGrowth of the Bureau of Prisons
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Federal Prison SystemThe Federal Prison System
BOP also operates three intensive confinement centers (boot camps)
In 1997, federal inmates were more likely than state inmates to be women
In 2000, more than half of federal inmates were serving a sentence for a drug offense
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
State Prison SystemsState Prison Systems
The most common organization model (24 states) has the director, commissioner, or secretary of corrections as a cabinet-level officer, appointed by and reporting directly to the governor
The Organization of State Prison SystemsThe Organization of State Prison Systems
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Mainly male (92.3%) Mostly minority Greatest increase in population was
violent inmates Recent trend is decline in the growth of
inmates
State Prison SystemsState Prison Systems
Inmates in State Prison SystemsInmates in State Prison Systems
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
State Prison SystemsState Prison Systems
Security classification–a system for matching offenders to institutions that have the physical security and staff resources to prevent escapes and control their behavior
Classification within State Prison SystemsClassification within State Prison Systems
Use security-level classifications similar to the federal prison system
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Classification also addresses treatment needs of offenders
Most offenders are classified as medium- and minimum-security
Orientation period for inmates
State Prison SystemsState Prison Systems
Classification within State Prison Systems
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Other Public Correctional SystemsOther Public Correctional Systems Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement
(BICE)–formerly the INS; responsible for housing illegal aliens pending a hearing or deportation back to their home country
BICE contains about a quarter of its total detainees; the federal BOP, and private and state/local institutions house the rest
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Other Public Correctional SystemsOther Public Correctional Systems
BICE
Illegals usually detained in two ways: Caught while attempting to enter the
United States Commit a crime and are arrested
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Halfway houses have been in operation since 1960s
Private prison–for-profit, secure correctional facility operated by agency other than a government agency
Private Correctional SystemsPrivate Correctional Systems
Corrections: An Introduction, 2/eSeiter
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Private Correctional SystemsPrivate Correctional Systems
Use of private prisons has expanded
As of 2002, over 118 private prisons
Corrections Corporation of America Cornell Correctional Companies The Geo Group
Private Correctional Companies