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Chapter 5
The Roman Republic
Timeline
The Emergence of Rome
Geography of Italy750 miles long; 120 miles across
Mountains and Plains
Islands
RomeTiber River
Mediterranean Sea
Map 5.1: Ancient Italy
The Greeks, Etruscans, and Early Rome
The Greeks Arrived between 750 – 550 B.C.Influence on Romans
The EtruscansOriginsUrbanization
Early RomeRomulus and Remus (753 B.C.)MonarchyEtruscan influenceFounding of the Republic (c. 509 B.C.)
The Roman State
Political InstitutionsConsuls and Praetors
• Imperium
Specialized Officials• Quaestors, Aediles,
Censors
Roman Senate• 300 Men served for life
Centuriate Assembly
Social OrganizationPaterfamilias
Clientage
Patricians and Plebeians
The Struggle of the Orders
Political Inequality
Plebeians withdraw from the state (494 B.C.)Tribunes of the Plebs
Council of the Plebs
Plebiscita
The Twelve Tables of Law (450 B.C.)
Hortensian Law (287 B.C.)
Consequences of the struggle between the orders
The Roman Conquest of Italy
LivyConquest of the Samnites (beginning c. 340 B.C.)Roman Confederation
Citizenship
Opportunistic ExpansionRoadsObligatory Military Service
Roman Roads in Italy, c. 100 B.C.
Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264 – 133 B.C.)
The Struggle with CarthageFirst Punic War (264 – 241 B.C.)
• Roman conquest of Sicily
Second Punic War (218 – 205 B.C.)• Hannibal
Invasion of Italy Battle of Cannae (216 B.C.)
• Battle of Zama• Roman conquest of Spain
Third Punic War (149 – 146 B.C.)• Cato• Carthage destroyed
Map 5.2: Roman Conquests in the Mediterranean, 264-133 B.C.
The Eastern Mediterranean & Roman Imperialism
The Eastern MediterraneanGreek support for CarthageMacedonia made Roman province (148 B.C.)Corinth destroyed (146 B.C.)Acquisition of Pergamum (133 B.C.)
The Nature of Roman ImperialismOpportunistic expansionWillful expansion
Roman Religion
Religion and the State
Adoption of New DeitiesGreco-Roman Religion
Rituals
Omens
Household Cults
Religious Festivals
The Temple of Diana – Nimes, Southern France
Education: The Importance of Rhetoric
Rome had no public education
Greek StudiesRhetoric and philosophy
Schools
Schoolmaster and Pupils
The Growth of Slavery
Slaves from conquestsSlave Occupations
Latifundia
Treatment of SlavesSlave LawsSlave Revolts
Revolt in Sicily (104 – 101 B.C.)Revolt by Spartacus (73 B.C.)
Roman Family, Roman LawThe Roman Family
Paterfamilias• Authority • Arranged marriages
Divorce
• Education of daughters
The Evolution of Roman LawThe Twelve Tables (450 B.C.)PraetorsLaw of NationsLaw of Nature
A Roman Lady
The Development of Literature and Art
LiteraturePlautus (c. 254 – 184 B.C.)Terence (185 – 159 B.C.)
Latin ProseInfluence of Hellenistic ArtValues and Attitudes
Cato the Elder (234 – 149 B.C.)Scipio Aemilianus (185 – 129 B.C.)
The Pont du Gard – Roman AqueductProvence, France
Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133 – 31 B.C.)
Power of the SenateControl of the Nobiles (Governing Class)
OptimatesPopulares
Rule of the EquestriansThe Land Problem
Latifundias
Tiberius Gracchus (163 – 133 B.C.)Gaius Gracchus (153 – 121 B.C.)
A New Role for the Roman Army: Marius and Sulla
Marius (consul 107, 104 – 100 B.C.)Military reforms
Lucius Cornelius Sulla (dictator 82 – 79 B.C.)
Seizes power using the army
Reign of terror against opponents
The Death of the RepublicThe Rise of PompeyRole of Marcus Tullius Cicero ( 106 – 43 B.C.)First Triumvirate (Crassus, Pompey and Caesar)Julius Caesar (100 – 44 B.C.)
Conquest of Gaul (Modern France)Crosses the Rubicon River (49 B.C.)Defeats PompeyDictator in 47 B.C.; Dictator for Life in 44 B.C.Reconstitutes SenateAssassinated (44 B.C.)
Octavian and Marc AntonyCleopatra Queen of EgyptBattle of Actium (31 B.C.)Marc Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide
Map 5.3: Roman Dominions in the Late Republic, 31 B.C.
Literature in the Late Republic
Catullus (born c. 82 B.C.)
Lucretius (c. 94 – 55 B.C.)
Cicero (106 – 43 B.C.)
Sallust (86 – 35 B.C.)
Caesar (100 – 44 B.C.)
Discussion QuestionsWhy were the Romans able to defeat or subdue all their enemies in the Italian peninsula?What were the keys to the Roman defeat of Carthage during the Punic Wars?What influence did Greece and other Italian peoples have on the Romans?What was the nature of Roman Imperialism?Did slavery have a positive or negative effect on the Roman Republic?What factors brought about the downfall of the Roman Republic?
Web Links
The Mysterious Etruscans
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook - Rome
Encyclopedia Mythica: Roman Mythology
Rome Exposed
Hannibal Barca and the Punic Wars
Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome
The Glory that was Rome
Julius Caesar: The Last Dictator