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Addressing the Network
IPv4CCNA Exploration Semester 1
Chapter 6
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IP addressing – works at
OSI model layer 3
TCP/IP model Internet layer
M Rajab - 2008
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Application
Transport
Internet
Network Access
TCP, UDP
IP
Ethernet,
WAN
technologies
HTTP, FTP,
TFTP, SMTP
etc
Segment
Packet
Frame
Bits
Data
stream
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Addressing topics Binary and decimal
Types of IP addresses
Assigning addresses
Network part and subnet masks
Calculating addresses
Ping and Traceroute Utilities
M Rajab - 2008
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Binary and decimal Convert to 8-bit binary
248
187
89
Convert to decimal
00110100
01010101
11001111
M Rajab - 2008
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248 to binary
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
M Rajab - 2008
248
-128120
24
-168
56
-3224
120
-6456
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187 to binary
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
M Rajab - 2008
187
-12859
27
-1611
11
-83
59
-3227
3
-21
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89 to binary
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
M Rajab - 2008
89
-6425
25
-169
9
-81
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00110100 to decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
32 16 4
M Rajab - 2008
32
+16+ 4
5252
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01010101 to decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
64 16 4 1
M Rajab - 2008
64
+16+ 4
+ 1
85
85
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11001111 to decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
128 64 8 4 2 1
M Rajab - 2008
128
+ 64
+ 8+ 4
+ 2
+ 1
207
207
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Binary and decimal Convert to 8-bit binary
248 11111000
187 10111011
89 01011001
Convert to decimal
00110100 52
01010101 85
11001111 207
M Rajab - 2008
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IPv4 address
192. 168. 21. 17
11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001
M Rajab - 2008
octetoctet octet octet
network part host part
255. 255. 255. 0
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Prefix /24 Subnet mask:
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Find the network address
192. 168. 21. 17
11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001
M Rajab - 2008
In a network address, all the host bits are 0.
192. 168. 21. 0
11000000 10101000 00010101 00000000
The router needs to do this for every packet.
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Logical AND
192. 168. 21. 17
11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001
M Rajab - 2008
255. 255. 255. 0
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Do a logical AND at each position
192. 168. 21. 0
11000000 10101000 00010101 00000000
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Find the broadcast address
192. 168. 21. 17
11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001
M Rajab - 2008
In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1.
192. 168. 21. 255
11000000 10101000 00010101 11111111
The broadcast is the last address in the network.
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3 types of address Every network has:
Network address – the first one
Broadcast address –
the last one Host addresses – everything in between
M Rajab - 2008
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Classful addressing
M Rajab - 2008
10. 17. 53. 60
network part host part
A
172. 16. 38. 201
network part host part
B
192. 168. 21. 17
network part host part
C
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Classful addressing Easy to work out but very wasteful.
Routers and hosts still assume class subnet masks by
default
Class A /8 255.0.0.0
Class B /16 255.255.0.0
Class C /24 255.255.255.0
M Rajab - 2008
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Classless addressing Any suitable prefix can be used
We (and devices) need to know what the prefix is.
More flexible, less wasteful.
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Classless addressing /16 172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0
Broadcast address 172.16.255.255
Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254
65534 host addresses
M Rajab - 2008
172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000
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Classless addressing /24 172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0
Broadcast address 172.16.0.255
Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254
254 host addresses
M Rajab - 2008
172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000
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Classless addressing /22 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0
Broadcast address 172.16.3.255
Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254
1022 host addresses
M Rajab - 2008
172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000
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Classless addressing /26
172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.255.192
Broadcast address 172.16.0.63
Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62
62 host addresses
M Rajab - 2008
172. 16. 0. 010101100 00010000 00000000 00000000
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Classless addressing /28
172.16.0.0/28 mask 255.255.255.240
Broadcast address 172.16.0.15
Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14
14 host addresses
M Rajab - 2008
172. 16. 0. 010101100 00010000 00000000 00000000
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Calculating addresses A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24
What is the subnet mask?
What is the network address?
What is the broadcast address?
What is the range of host addresses in the network?
M Rajab - 2008
192 168 1 70/24 fill i th
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192.168.1.70/24 – fill in the
table
Last octet
binary
Last octet
decimal
Full
Host
Subnet mask
Network
BroadcastFirst host
Last host
M Rajab - 2008
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192.168.1.70/24
Last octet
binary
Last octet
decimal
Full
Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70
Subnet mask 00000000 0 255.255.255.0
Network 00000000 0 192.168.1.0
Broadcast 11111111 255 192.168.1.255First host 00000001 1 192.168.1.1
Last host 11111110 254 192.168.1.254
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Calculating addresses A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/26
What is the subnet mask?
What is the network address?
What is the broadcast address?
What is the range of host addresses in the network?
M Rajab - 2008
192 168 1 70/26 fill i th
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192.168.1.70/26 fill in the
table
Last octet
binary
Last octet
decimal
Full
Host
Subnet mask
Network
BroadcastFirst host
Last host
M Rajab - 2008
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192.168.1.70/26
Last octet
binary
Last octet
decimal
Full
Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70
Subnet mask 11000000 192 255.255.255.192
Network 01000000 64 192.168.1.64
Broadcast 01111111 127 192.168.1.127First host 01000001 65 192.168.1.65
Last host 01111110 126 192.168.1.126
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Calculating addresses A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/28
What is the subnet mask?
What is the network address?
What is the broadcast address?
What is the range of host addresses in the network?
M Rajab - 2008
192 168 1 70/28 fill i th
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192.168.1.70/28 fill in the
table
Last octet
binary
Last octet
decimal
Full
Host
Subnet mask
Network
BroadcastFirst host
Last host
M Rajab - 2008
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192.168.1.70/28
Last octet
binary
Last octet
decimal
Full
Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70
Subnet mask 11110000 240 255.255.255.240
Network 01000000 64 192.168.1.64
Broadcast 01001111 79 192.168.1.79First host 01000001 65 192.168.1.65
Last host 01001110 78 192.168.1.78
M Rajab - 2008
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Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast Unicast – a message addressed to one host
Broadcast – a message addressed to all hosts on a
network. Uses network’s broadcast address or
255.255.255.255 locally
Multicast – a message addressed to a group of hosts.
Uses an address starting 224 - 239
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Private IP addresses Unrestricted use on private networks. Not routed
across the Internet.
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/20)
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/24)
M Rajab - 2008
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Public IP addresses Routed over the Internet
Master holder is IANA
Assigned to regional registries and then to ISPs
ISPs allocate them to organizations and individual
users
Use is strictly controlled as duplicate addresses are not
allowed
M Rajab - 2008
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Special addresses 0.0.0.0 “all addresses” in default route. Hosts cannot be
given addresses starting 0.
127.0.0.1 is loopback. Hosts cannot be given
addresses starting 127.
240.0.0.0 and higher – reserved for experimental
purposes.
169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 local only
192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 for teaching
M Rajab - 2008
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Network address translation A large number of hosts on a network use private
addresses to communicate with each other.
The ISP allocates one or a few public addresses.
NAT allows the hosts to share the public addresses
when they want to use the Internet
M Rajab - 2008
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Addressing hosts Static addressing – address is configured by an
administrator
Servers, printers, routers, switches need static
addresses
Dynamic addressing – address is allocated
automatically by DHCP by leasing addresses from a
pool
Dynamic addressing is best for workstations
M Rajab - 2008
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Blocks of addresses
Use Address range Summary
Network address 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.0/25
User hosts 192.168.1.1-127
Servers 192.168.1.128 - 191 192.168.1.128/26
Peripherals 192.168.1.192 - 223 192.168.1.192/27
Network devices 192.168.1.224 - 253 192.168.1.224/27
Router 192.168.1.254
Broadcast 192.168.1.255
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
M Rajab - 2008
Address 192.168.1.0 00000000
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 00000000
Last octet binary
Borrow 1 bit from host part, give it to network part, /25
Addresses 192.168.1.0
192.168.1.128
00000000
10000000Subnet mask 255.255.255.128 10000000
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
M Rajab - 2008
Borrow 2 bits from host part, give to network part, /26
Addresses 192.168.1.0
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.128192.168.1.192
00000000
01000000
1000000011000000
Subnet mask 255.255.255.192 11000000
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
M Rajab - 2008
Borrow 3 bits from host part, give to network part, /27
Addresses 192.168.1.0
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.64192.168.1.96
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.192192.168.1.224
00000000
00100000
0100000001100000
10000000
10100000
1100000011100000
Subnet mask 255.255.255.224 11100000
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
M Rajab - 2008
Borrow 4 bits from host part, give to network part, /28
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.16
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.48192.168.1.64
192.168.1.80
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.112
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.144
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.176192.168.1.192
192.168.1.208
192.168.1.224
192.168.1.240
00000000
00010000
00100000
0011000001000000
01010000
01100000
01110000
10000000
10010000
10100000
1011000011000000
11010000
11100000
11110000
Subnet mask 255.255.255.240 11110000
And so on…
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Every time you borrow another bit you:
Double the number of subnets
Halve the size of the subnets
Each subnet has a network address, a broadcast
address, and everything in between is a host address.
Here are some ways of visualising the process.
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
M Rajab - 2008
Bits borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6
No of networks 2 4 8 16 32 64
Prefix /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30
Bit value/
network size
128 64 32 16 8 4
No of hosts 126 62 30 14 6 2
Subnet mask 128 192 224 240 248 252
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Address space Make a spreadsheet or table with numbers 0 to 255
Link to show table
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Subnet chart
M Rajab - 2008
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Subnetting There are many subnet calculators, but you will not be
able to use them in exams.
Start with the biggest subnet and work down to the
smallest.
Make sure the subnets are valid sizes with valid subnet
masks.
Make sure that there are no overlaps.
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Ping and traceroute Ping sends an ICMP message. If all is well, the
destination replies. If not, a router may reply to say the
destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out.
Traceroute sends a series of messages so that eachrouter along the path replies. You get a list of
addresses of all the routers.
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IPv6 Development started in 1990s because of concerns
about IPv4 addresses running out
A whole new protocol suite – not just layer 3
Uses 128-bit hierarchical addressing, written using
hexadecimal
Simpler header
Integrated security – authentication, privacy
Quality of service mechanisms
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The End