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Chapter 6 Chapter 6
CLIMATE, CLIMATE,
TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY, TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY, & AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY& AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY
1. What is the difference between weather and climate?
2. What determines the temperature of a location on Earth?
3. What causes the seasons?
Warm-UpWarm-Up
5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns
1. Uneven heating of Earth
2. Seasons
3. Earth’s rotation
4. Variation of sun’s output
5. Properties of air and water
1. Uneven Heating of the Earth1. Uneven Heating of the Earth
1. Uneven Heating of the Earth1. Uneven Heating of the Earth
5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns
1. Uneven heating of Earth
2. Seasons
3. Earth’s rotation
4. Variation of sun’s output
5. Properties of air and water
2. Seasons2. Seasons
2. Seasons2. Seasons
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taHTA7S_JGk
5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns
1. Uneven heating of Earth
2. Seasons
3. Earth’s rotation
4. Variation of sun’s output
5. Properties of air and water
3. Rotation of Earth3. Rotation of Earth
3. Rotation of Earth3. Rotation of Earth
5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns
1. Uneven heating of Earth
2. Seasons
3. Earth’s rotation
4. Variation of sun’s output
5. Properties of air and water
4. Variations in solar output4. Variations in solar output
Sun SpotsSun Spots
4. Variations in solar output4. Variations in solar output
http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime/gif/
5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns
1. Uneven heating of Earth
2. Seasons
3. Earth’s rotation
4. Variation of sun’s output
5. Properties of air and water
5. Properties of air and water5. Properties of air and water
Temperature Change over Time
05
101520253035404550
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (min)
Te
mp
era
ture
(C
)
Air
Water
Soil
5. Properties of air and water5. Properties of air and water
5. Properties of air and land5. Properties of air and land
5. Properties of air and land5. Properties of air and land
Valley (in-land) cities
5. Properties of air and land5. Properties of air and land
Coastal cities
5 factors that determine global air 5 factors that determine global air circulation patternscirculation patterns
1. Uneven heating of Earth
2. Seasons
3. Earth’s rotation
4. Variation of sun’s output
5. Properties of air and water
Vine DayVine Day
Saturday, December 13 from 9 Saturday, December 13 from 9 AM – 12 PM at George Lorimer AM – 12 PM at George Lorimer PreservePreserve
Cutting invasive vines to save Cutting invasive vines to save many mature treesmany mature trees
Bring protective clothing, Bring protective clothing, gloves and, if you have them, gloves and, if you have them, tools such as loppers, pruners tools such as loppers, pruners and hand saws and hand saws
Warm-UpWarm-Up
1.1. What is El Nino?What is El Nino?
2.2. What is the greenhouse effect? Is it good What is the greenhouse effect? Is it good or bad?or bad?
3.3. What is the ozone layer? How have What is the ozone layer? How have humans affected it?humans affected it?
How do ocean currents affect How do ocean currents affect regional climates?regional climates?
Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents
Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents
In which In which direction is direction is the warm the warm water water flowing?flowing?
How does How does that affect that affect the climate?the climate?
Ocean UpwellingsOcean Upwellings
Ocean UpwellingOcean Upwelling
El NiñoEl Niño – a disruption of the – a disruption of the ocean/atmosphere system in the Pacific ocean/atmosphere system in the Pacific OceanOcean
Has important consequences for Has important consequences for weather and climate around the globeweather and climate around the globe
El NiñoEl Niño
Normal ConditionsNormal Conditions
Wind blows from east Wind blows from east to west (right to left)to west (right to left)– Creates an upwelling Creates an upwelling
along the western along the western coast of South coast of South AmericaAmerica
– Pushes water to Pushes water to western Pacificwestern Pacific
– Causes LOTS of rain Causes LOTS of rain (monsoons & snow in (monsoons & snow in Himalaya Mountains)Himalaya Mountains)
The Normal PacificThe Normal Pacific
Normal ConditionsNormal Conditions
Normal Conditions vs. El NiñoNormal Conditions vs. El Niño
NormalNormal
conditionconditionss
El Nino conditions
El NiñoEl Niño
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/enso.php
How does the chemical make-up of How does the chemical make-up of the atmosphere lead to the the atmosphere lead to the
greenhouse effect?greenhouse effect?
What are greenhouse gases?What are greenhouse gases?
Atmospheric gases that absorb infrared Atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation, which warms the airradiation, which warms the air
Examples:Examples:– COCO22
– HH22OO
– CHCH44
– NONO22
– CFCsCFCs
Are greenhouse gases GOOD or Are greenhouse gases GOOD or BAD?BAD?
THEY’RE BOTHTHEY’RE BOTH
GOOD - without greenhouse gases, the GOOD - without greenhouse gases, the Earth would be too cold for lifeEarth would be too cold for life
BAD - too many greenhouse gases may BAD - too many greenhouse gases may lead to global warminglead to global warming
Where do greenhouse gases come Where do greenhouse gases come from?from?
ALL OF US!!!ALL OF US!!!
Burning fossil fuels releases:Burning fossil fuels releases:– COCO22
– HH22OO
– NONO22
Cows release methane (CHCows release methane (CH44))
Various refrigerants use CFCsVarious refrigerants use CFCs
Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion
Is this what the hole in the ozone layer looks
like?
NO!NO!
Ozone VideosOzone Videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUfVMogIdr8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKHcHmg4WKY
Rain Shadow EffectRain Shadow Effect
Rain Shadow EffectRain Shadow Effect
Molokai, HawaiiMolokai, Hawaii
windwind
What’s the difference between a What’s the difference between a climate and a biome?climate and a biome?
ClimateClimate: physical properties (temperature : physical properties (temperature and precipitation) of an area over a long and precipitation) of an area over a long period of timeperiod of time
BiomeBiome: areas on Earth that are inhabited : areas on Earth that are inhabited by certain types of organismsby certain types of organisms
Desert BiomesDesert Biomes
Desert BiomesDesert Biomes
Characteristics• typically < 25 cm (10 in) annual precipitation
•cover 30% of the world’s land surface
•especially found at 30° N and 30° S latitude
• largest deserts on interiors of continents
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
30º N
30º S
Deserts
Desert BiomesDesert Biomes
Desert Organisms• sparse, widely spaced, mostly
low vegetation• plants typically deep–rooted
shrubs with small leaves, succulents, or short–lived species that flourish after rain
• animals typically nocturnal & have physical adaptations for conserving water & dealing with heat.
Grassland BiomesGrassland Biomes
Figs. 6–14© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Grassland BiomesGrassland BiomesCharacteristics
• sufficient rainfall to support grass, but too dry for forests
•mostly found on interiors of continents
•maintained by seasonal drought, grazing, & periodic fires that prevent shrubs & trees invasion
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Grassland BiomesGrassland Biomes
Characteristics– plants include high
diversity of grasses & herbaceous plants; typically have resistance to drought, grazing, & fire
– animals include large & small herbivores, along with predators adapted to feed on these herbivores
Forest BiomesForest Biomes
Fig. 6–17© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Forest BiomesForest Biomes
Characteristics:• sufficient rainfall to support
trees• types:
- Tropical – typically broadleaf evergreen trees with high diversity
- Temperate – typically deciduous broadleaf tree with moderate diversity
- Boreal – typically conifers with low diversity
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Forest BiomesForest BiomesCharacteristics:
• various layers: - Emergent – tree tops
that break through the canopy
- Canopy – “roof” of forest of full grown trees.
- Understory – dark and composed of tree saplings
- Forest Floor – dark, not crowded
PrecipitationPrecipitation
TemperaturTemperaturee
WetWet ModerateModerate DryDry
HotHot
TemperateTemperate
ColdCold
PrecipitationPrecipitation
TemperaturTemperaturee
WetWet ModerateModerate DryDry
HotHot Tropical Tropical ForestForest
Tropical Tropical GrasslandGrassland
Tropical Tropical DesertDesert
TemperateTemperate Temperate Temperate ForestForest
Temperate Temperate GrasslandGrassland
Temperate Temperate DesertDesert
ColdCold Polar ForestPolar Forest Polar Polar GrasslandGrassland
Polar Polar DesertDesert
Mountain BiomesMountain Biomes
Characteristics– diversity of habitat because
of diverse topography– make up 20% of Earth's
surface– each 100 m (~300 ft) gain in
elevation is about equal to 100 km (~62 mi) change in latitude
– mountain regions contain majority of world's forests
– timberline: elevation above which trees do not grow
– gradually release melting ice, snow, and water to streams
Important Biome ConceptsImportant Biome Concepts
everything is connected
incoming solar radiation determines global temperature & precipitation patterns
temperature & precipitation are major determinants of distribution of organisms