+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results...

Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results...

Date post: 27-Dec-2015
Category:
Upload: audrey-dalton
View: 221 times
Download: 1 times
Share this document with a friend
Popular Tags:
112
Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms
Transcript
Page 1: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms

Page 2: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cloud Formation

• Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Page 3: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cloud Formation

• Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:• Diabatic cooling (important for fog)

Page 4: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cloud Formation

• Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:• Diabatic cooling (important for fog)• Adiabatic cooling (important for clouds)

Page 5: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cloud Formation

• Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:• Diabatic cooling (important for fog)• Adiabatic cooling (important for clouds)

• Clouds form due to adiabatic cooling in rising air

Γd = 9.8oC/km (unsaturated lapse rate)

Γm ~ 5oC/km (saturated lapse rate)

Page 6: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

How Does Air Rise?

• 4 mechanisms cause air to rise:

1) Orographic lift – air that rises

because it is going over a mountain

Page 7: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

How Does Air Rise?

• 4 mechanisms cause air to rise:

1) Orographic lift – air that rises

because it is going over a mountain

2) Frontal lift – air that rises at a front

Page 8: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

How Does Air Rise?

• 4 mechanisms cause air to rise:

1) Orographic lift – air that rises

because it is going over a mountain

2) Frontal lift – air that rises at a front

3) Horizontal convergence – air that

is forced to rise because it is

converging

Page 9: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

How Does Air Rise?• 4 mechanisms cause air to rise:

1) Orographic lift – air that rises

because it is going over a mountain

2) Frontal lift – air that rises at a front

3) Horizontal convergence – air that

is forced to rise because it is

converging

4) Convection – air that rises because

it is less dense that its surroundings

Page 10: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Orographic Lift

• Air rises as it approaches a mountain peak

Page 11: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Orographic Lift

• Air rises as it approaches a mountain peak

Page 12: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Orographic Lift

• Air descends after it goes over a mountain peak

Clear air

Page 13: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Rain Shadow

• A rain shadow is an area of less precipitation and clouds on the downwind side of a mountain (the anti-cloud!)

Page 14: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Rain Shadow

• A rain shadow is an area of less precipitation and clouds on the downwind side of a mountain (the anti-cloud!)

• Air descends downwind of a mountain peak

Page 15: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Rain Shadow

• A rain shadow is an area of less precipitation and clouds on the downwind side of a mountain (the anti-cloud!)

• Air descends downwind of a mountain peak• Air warms adiabatically due to compression

Page 16: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Rain Shadow

• A rain shadow is an area of less precipitation and clouds on the downwind side of a mountain (the anti-cloud!)

• Air descends downwind of a mountain peak• Air warms adiabatically due to compression• Precipitation and clouds evaporate to form

rain shadow

Page 17: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Rain Shadow

Page 18: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Frontal Lifting

• Front – a zone of rapidly changing temperature (strong temperature gradient)

Page 19: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Frontal Lifting

• Front – a zone of rapidly changing temperature (strong temperature gradient)

Types of Fronts

1) Cold Front – cold air is advancing

Page 20: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Frontal Lifting

• Front – a zone of rapidly changing temperature (strong temperature gradient)

Types of Fronts

1) Cold Front – cold air is advancing

2) Warm Front – warm air is advancing

Page 21: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Frontal Lifting

• Front – a zone of rapidly changing temperature (strong temperature gradient)

Types of Fronts

1) Cold Front – cold air is advancing

2) Warm Front – warm air is advancing

3) Stationary Front – front isn’t moving

Page 22: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Frontal Lifting

• Front – a zone of rapidly changing temperature (strong temperature gradient)

Types of Fronts

1) Cold Front – cold air is advancing

2) Warm Front – warm air is advancing

3) Stationary Front – front isn’t moving

4) Occluded Front – you’ll find out later

Page 23: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Frontal Lifting

Example of a cold front

Page 24: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Frontal Lifting

Cold Front(cold air pushes warm air up)

Warm Front(Warm air overruns cold air)

Page 25: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Convergence

• Air must rise when it converges

Page 26: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Convergence

• Air must rise when it converges

Page 27: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Convection

• Air “bubbles” or “parcels” rise when they are warmed and become less dense than their surroundings (exactly the same way a helium balloon does)

2km

T = 11oC

T = -8.6oC

T = 1.2oC1km

Page 28: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Convection

• Air “bubbles” or “parcels” rise when they are warmed and become less dense than their surroundings (exactly the same way a helium balloon does)

• This is how

thunderstorms form!

2km

T = 11oC

T = -8.6oC

T = 1.2oC1km

Page 29: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Atmospheric Stability

• Atmospheric stability – a measure of the atmosphere’s susceptibility to vertical motion

Page 30: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Atmospheric Stability

• Atmospheric stability – a measure of the atmosphere’s susceptibility to vertical motion

• Atmospheric stability depends on the environmental lapse rate (Γe)

Page 31: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Atmospheric Stability

• Atmospheric stability – a measure of the atmosphere’s susceptibility to vertical motion

• Atmospheric stability depends on the environmental lapse rate (Γe)

• Atmospheric stability comes in 3 flavors:

1) Absolutely stable

Page 32: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Atmospheric Stability

• Atmospheric stability – a measure of the atmosphere’s susceptibility to vertical motion

• Atmospheric stability depends on the environmental lapse rate (Γe)

• Atmospheric stability comes in 3 flavors:

1) Absolutely stable

2) Absolutely unstable

Page 33: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Atmospheric Stability

• Atmospheric stability – a measure of the atmosphere’s susceptibility to vertical motion

• Atmospheric stability depends on the environmental lapse rate (Γe)

• Atmospheric stability comes in 3 flavors:

1) Absolutely stable

2) Absolutely unstable

3) Conditionally unstable

Page 34: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Absolutely Unstable Air

The slightest nudge sends the ball accelerating away…

Page 35: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Absolutely Unstable Air

• Absolutely unstable: Γe > Γd (unsaturated air)

Γe = 1.5oC/100m

Γd = 1.0oC/100m

Page 36: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Absolutely Unstable Air

• Absolutely unstable: Γe > Γm (saturated air)

Γe = 1.5oC/100m

Γm = 0.5oC/100m

Page 37: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Absolutely Stable Air

Any push and the ball will go back to the valley and come to rest again…

Page 38: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Absolutely Stable Air

Γm = 0.5oC/100m

Γe = 0.2oC/100m

Γd = 1.0oC/100m

Γe = 0.2oC/100m

Page 39: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Conditionally Unstable Air

If the ball is pushed high enough, it will go over the hump and accelerate away… (otherwise it comes back to rest)

Page 40: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Conditionally Unstable Air

Γm = 0.5oC/100m

Γe = 0.7oC/100m

Γd = 1.0oC/100m

Γe = 0.7oC/100m

Page 41: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Stability Summary

• Absolutely unstable:

Γe > both Γd and Γm

Page 42: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Stability Summary

• Absolutely unstable:

Γe > both Γd and Γm

• Absoutely stable:

Γe < both Γd and Γm

Page 43: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Stability Summary

• Absolutely unstable:

Γe > both Γd and Γm

• Absoutely stable:

Γe < both Γd and Γm

• Conditionally unstable

Γd > Γe > Γm

Page 44: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Absolutely Unstable

Γd – green solid line

Γm – blue dashed line

Γe – black solid line

Page 45: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Absolutely Stable

Γd – green solid line

Γm – blue dashed line

Γe – black solid line

Page 46: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Conditionally Unstable

Γd – green solid line

Γm – blue dashed line

Γe – black solid line

Page 47: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

What Makes the Environmental Lapse Rate (Γe)?

• Γe is extremely variable in space and time

(like AMA vs. MAF soundings!)

Page 48: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

What Makes the Environmental Lapse Rate (Γe)?

• Γe is extremely variable in space and time

(like AMA vs. MAF soundings!)

• Γe is influenced by 3 factors:

1) Near surface heating/cooling

Page 49: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

What Makes the Environmental Lapse Rate (Γe)?

• Γe is extremely variable in space and time

(like AMA vs. MAF soundings!)

• Γe is influenced by 3 factors:

1) Near surface heating/cooling

2) Differential temperature advection

Page 50: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

What Makes the Environmental Lapse Rate (Γe)?

• Γe is extremely variable in space and time

(like AMA vs. MAF soundings!)

• Γe is influenced by 3 factors:

1) Near surface heating/cooling

2) Differential temperature advection

3) Air mass replacement

Page 51: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Surface Heating and Cooling

• Γe in the lower atmosphere changes with daytime heating and nighttime cooling

Page 52: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Differential Temperature Advection

• Γe can change if temperature advection changes with height

Page 53: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Air Mass Replacement

• Γe can change if an entirely new air mass moves into an area

Page 54: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Limitations on Convection

• What stops vertical motion?

- The only “stopper” is if air becomes more

dense (colder) than its surroundings!!

Page 55: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Limitations on Convection

• What stops vertical motion?

- The only “stopper” is if air becomes more

dense (colder) than its surroundings!!

• This happens in 2 ways:

1) Stable air aloft

Page 56: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Limitations on Convection

• What stops vertical motion?

- The only “stopper” is if air becomes more

dense (colder) than its surroundings!!

• This happens in 2 ways:

1) Stable air aloft

2) Entrainment – intake of drier air

from surroundings

Page 57: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Convection

• Lifting condensation level (LCL) – The level at which a cloud forms (altitude of cloud base)

• Level of Free Convection (LFC) – the level at which air becomes less dense (warmer) than its surroundings

Page 58: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Stable Air Aloft (Dry Example)

Γd – green solid line

Γe – black solid line

Air is accelerating up

Air stops accelerating

Page 59: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Inversions – Extremely Stable Air

• Inversion – when temperature increases with height

Page 60: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Inversions

Γd – green solid line

Γm – blue dashed line

Γe – black solid line

Page 61: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Types of Inversions

1) Radiation inversion – caused by

nighttime cooling of surface air

Page 62: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Types of Inversions

2) Frontal inversion – occurs at fronts

Page 63: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Types of Inversions

3) Subsidence inversion – caused by

sinking air above a static layer

Page 64: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Inversions and Agriculture

Page 65: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Entrainment

• Mixing with surrounding drier, cooler air cools rising parcels through:

1) Mixing

2) Evaporation

Page 66: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cloud Types

Old classification of clouds

1) Cirrus (high, thin, wispy)

Page 67: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cloud Types

Old classification of clouds

1) Cirrus (high, thin, wispy)

2) Stratus (layered)

Page 68: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cloud Types

Old classification of clouds

1) Cirrus (high, thin, wispy)

2) Stratus (layered)

3) Cumulus (puffy, vertically-developed)

Page 69: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cloud Types

Old classification of clouds

1) Cirrus (high, thin, wispy)

2) Stratus (layered)

3) Cumulus (puffy, vertically-developed)

4) Nimbus (rain-producing)

Page 70: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cloud Types

New classification of clouds

1) High clouds (higher than 19,000 ft.)

2) Middle clouds (b/w 6,000 and 19,000 ft.)

3) Low clouds (below 6,000 ft.)

4) Clouds with vertical development

Page 71: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cloud Types

Page 72: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

High Clouds (> 19,000 ft.)

• Composed of ice crystals

Page 73: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

High Clouds (> 19,000 ft.)

• Composed of ice crystals

• Principal types:

1) Cirrus

Page 74: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

High Clouds (> 19,000 ft.)

• Composed of ice crystals

• Principal types:

1) Cirrus

2) Cirrostratus

Page 75: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

High Clouds (> 19,000 ft.)

• Composed of ice crystals

• Principal types:

1) Cirrus

2) Cirrostratus

3) Cirrocumulus

Page 76: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cirrus

Page 77: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cirrostratus

Page 78: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cirrocumulus

Page 79: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Other High Clouds - Contrails

Page 80: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Middle Clouds (between 6,000 and 19,000 ft.)

• Composed mostly of supercooled water

Page 81: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Middle Clouds (between 6,000 and 19,000 ft.)

• Composed mostly of supercooled water

• Principal types:

1) Altostratus

Page 82: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Middle Clouds (between 6,000 and 19,000 ft.)

• Composed mostly of supercooled water

• Principal types:

1) Altostratus

2) Altocumulus

Page 83: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Altostratus

Page 84: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Altocumulus

Page 85: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Low Clouds (< 6,000 ft.)

• Composed of liquid water

Page 86: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Low Clouds (< 6,000 ft.)

• Composed of liquid water

• Principal types:

1) Stratus

Page 87: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Low Clouds (< 6,000 ft.)

• Composed of liquid water

• Principal types:

1) Stratus

2) Nimbostratus

Page 88: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Low Clouds (< 6,000 ft.)

• Composed of liquid water

• Principal types:

1) Stratus

2) Nimbostratus

3) Stratocumulus

Page 89: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Stratus

Page 90: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Nimbostratus

Page 91: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Stratocumulus

Page 92: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cumulus Clouds

• Cumulus clouds can extend the entire depth of the atmosphere

• Principal types:

1) Cumulus

- cumulus humilis (fair-weather cumulus)

- cumulus congestus (fortress-like)

2) Cumulonimbus

Page 93: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cumulus Humilis

Page 94: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cumulus Congestus

Page 95: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cumulonimbus

Page 96: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Other Types of Clouds

• Lenticular clouds – clouds that form in wavy airstreams after air goes over a moutain

Page 97: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Other Types of Clouds

• Banner clouds – clouds located at mountain peaks as they ascend a mountain

Page 98: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Other Types of Clouds

• Banner clouds – clouds located at mountain peaks as they ascend a mountain

• Mammatus clouds – balloon-like clouds hanging down from cumulonimbus clouds

Page 99: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Other Types of Clouds

• Nacreous clouds – stratospheric clouds (rare!)

Page 100: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Other Types of Clouds

• Nacreous clouds – stratospheric clouds (rare!)

• Noctilucent clouds – mesospheric clouds (rare!)

Page 101: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Lenticular clouds

Page 102: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Mammatus Clouds

Page 103: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Banner Clouds

Page 104: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Nacreous Clouds

Page 105: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Noctilucent Clouds

Page 106: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Observing Clouds

• Ceilometers – automated instrument that measures the height of the cloud base, or ceiling, as well as coverage

Page 107: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Cloud Coverage

Page 108: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Observing Clouds

• Both cloud ceilings and coverage is reported in the standard ASOS hourly observation

Page 109: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Observing Clouds

• Satellite imagery is also a primary tool for observing clouds and cloud motions

• Visible satellite imagery

• Infrared satellite imagery

• Water vapor satellite imagery

Page 110: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Visible Satellite Imagery

Page 111: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Infrared Satellite Imagery

Page 112: Chapter 6 – Cloud Development and Forms. Cloud Formation Condensation (i.e. clouds,fog) results from:

Water Vapor Satellite Imagery


Recommended