7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 1/15
Dr. Ong Meng Chuan
Department of Marine Science
Faculty of Maritime Studies and Marine ScienceUniversiti Malaysia Terengganu
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 2/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 2
CHAPTER 6
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
A stream is polluted when it has been unacceptable for a
defined usage by a pollutant
When the pollutant has industry as a point of origin , as
opposed to domestic residences, the waste is an industrial
waste
Pollution which can be directly linked with industry , in contrast to other pollution
sources
This form of pollution is one of the leading causes of pollution worldwide ; estimates
that up to 50% of the nation's pollution is caused by industry.
Industrial pollution is a serious problem for the entire planet, especially in nations
which are rapidly industrializing
This form of pollution dates back to antiquity, but
widespread industrial pollution accelerated
rapidly in the 1800s , with the start of the
Industrial Revolution
The period mechanized means of production,
allowing for a much greater volume of production , and generating a corresponding
increase in pollution
EXAMPLE : Use of fuels like coal
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 3/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 3
There are a number of forms of industrial pollution
One of the most common is water pollution , caused by dumping of industrial waste
into waterways , or improper containment of waste, which causes leakage into
groundwater and waterways
Industrial pollution can also impact air quality , and it can enter the soil, causing
widespread environmental problems
Because of the nature of the global environment, industrial pollution is never limited
to industrial nations
EXAMPLE : Samples of ice cores from Antarctica and the Arctic both show high levels of
industrial pollutants, illustrating the immense distances which pollutants can travel,
and traces of industrial pollutants have been identified in isolated human, animal, and plant populations as well
Industrial pollution hurts the environment in a range of ways, and it has a negative
impact on human lives and health
Pollutants can kill animals and plants , imbalance ecosystems , degrade air quality
radically , damage buildings , and generally degrade quality of life
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 4/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 4
Industrial water pollution arises from agricultural practices , deforestation and
poor land management .
In addition, industrial accidents such as oil or chemical spills can create large-scale
disruptions to hydrologic systems.
Thermal water pollution may occur from industrial processes that discharge heated
water
Industrial processes that discharge wastewater into streams and rivers may pollute
bodies of both fresh and sea water
This effluent may carry industrial water pollution for many nautical miles , affecting
aquatic wildlife
Heavy metals may be contained in some industrial waste. These metals, such as
mercury, lead, or beryllium, may settle on the bottom of streams and tidal basins
WHICH INDUSTRIES POLLUTE THE MOST?
1. Chemical Processing Industry – fertilizer, pharmaceutical, pesticide industry
2. Manufacturing and processing of metals, cement, and paper
3. Oil refining – Industries which rely on fossil fuel also pollute, including coal fired
power plants, airlines, and the automobile industry
4. Farming Industry
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT
Industrial accidents may result in extremely large releases of industrial water
pollution
EXAMPLE :
(1) Deep Horizon oil spill that occurred off the Louisiana Coast in the U.S. in 2010,
which was the largest oil spill in U.S. history
(2) Union Carbide gas leak in Bhopal, India in 1984 – Pesticide industry
(3) Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine – Nuclear disaster
(4) Fukushima Daiichi in Japan – Nuclear disaster
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 5/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 5
WASTE
Waste
A moveable object which has no direct use and is discarded permanently
Hazardous Waste
Wastes ( solid , liquids , and containerizedgases ) other than radioactive and infectious
wastes which, by reason of their chemical activity, toxic explosive, corrosive or other characteristics cause danger to health or the environment whether alone or when
coming into contact with other waste.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous wastes are wastes that are a risk to the health of humans or other
living organisms
They may be solids , liquids , or gases. They often contain toxic , corrosive , flammable ,
reactive or explosive materials
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 6/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 6
A typical scenario is that the site became contaminated , the contaminants were
released and migrated into the subsurface where rainfall , solvents or ground
water transported the contaminants to points of ground water use or surface
discharge to aquatic environment
The remediation of contaminated sites is a far bigger problem than themanagement of currently generated hazardous wastes.
WASTEWATER
Wastewater from industrial discharge may contain a combination of high BOD
(organic substances), high level of suspended solid , and presence of toxic substances
This discharge can be 10 or more times higher than found in the raw sewage
EXAMPLE : BOD in the raw sewage may be in the range of 200 ppm, while industrial
wastewater, the level can reach up to 10 or 20 thousand ppm
Industrial wastewater can be classified into 3 types
(1) Wastes with high BOD
o Oil palm, rubber, fruits and vegetable canning, milk, beverage, sugar cane
refineries
o Oxygen problem similar to that stated in sewage pollution
(2) Wastes with a high BOD and a significant level of toxic substances
o High BOD derived as well as inorganic and organic compounds released
o Toxic substances such as sodium sulfide (Na 2SO3 ), methylmercaptane,
formaldehyde and low pH will have some harmful effects on aquatic organism
o EXAMPLE : pulp and paper mills; petroleum refineries
(3) Wastes with low (or no) BOD and high level of toxic substances
o Metal refineries, chemical processes and acid/alkaline production o Mixed waste toxicity
o Toxic to aquatic organism
o Bioaccumulation
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 7/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 7
POLLUTANT
Inorganic pollutant was lead by the chemicals (acids, alkalis, inorganic salts)
generally formed during the processing in the industrial
These chemicals are toxic to aquatic organism and human health
The organic pollutants are sugars, oil, proteins that presence in the aquatic system
through food processing industries
INDUSTRIAL WASTES – By Contaminant
Acids and Alkalis
o Perhaps the most common industrial waste
Solid and Liquids
o Grease and oils are common lubricants.
o Solvents and cleaners are used widely
Heated Water ( Thermal Pollution )
o Heated water can alter a biome as well as killing fish and fry
o Usually associated with power plants
Toxic Chemicals.
o Usually considered the core of the problem
o Heavy metals include: lead, cadmium, chromium
Heavy BOD loads.
o Food and paper industries.
o Microorganisms (MO’s) may be useful for treatment.
Industrial Wastes – By Sources
Food Products (animal)
o Meat
o Fish
o Poultry
o Dairy
Food Products (vegetable)
o Canned foods
o Starches, potatoes, cereals
o Sugar, cane and beets
o Fermentation, beer and wine
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 8/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 8
Mining
o Coal
o Metals
Manufactured Products
o Inorganic chemicals; sulfuric acid; chlorine o Organic chemicals; petrochemicals; pesticides; insecticides; plastics
o Metal finishing, cleaning and plating
o Pulp and paper
o Textiles and leather
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON INDUSTRY
Oil terminal and oil refinery
Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons with a trace amount of
other chemical elements
High BOD and toxic hydrocarbon compounds
LAUNDRY INDUSTRY
Largest personal serviceindustry – $1.6 billion annually
2.5 billion kg of laundry per week (US)
8 L of waster per kg of clothes
Waste originates from:
o Dirt
o Grease
o Starch
o Dyes
Waste characteristics:
o highly turbid
o alkaline
o colored
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 9/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 9
CANNED FOOD INDUSTRY
Requires a great deal of water
o Wash water from cleaning vegetable
o Solids from sorting, peeling and coring.
o spillage from filling and sealing machines
o wash water from cleaning floors, tables, belts
Treatment in lagoons involves aerobic or anaerobic activity, sedimentation, soil
absorption, evaporation and dilution
Biological treatment is a problem for seasonal operations
METAL PLATING INDUSTRY
After metals have been fabricated into the appropriate sizes and shapes , they are
finished to final requirements
Finishing usually involves stripping , removal of undesirable oxides , cleaning and
plating
In plating, the metal to be plated acts as the cathode while the plating metal in
solution serves as the anode
The most ubiquitous contaminants are chromium zinc, copper, nickel, tin and cyanides
Two major sources of waste are concentrated solutions and rinse waters
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 10/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 10
PAPER INDUSTRY
WOOD PAPER
Chemical Additives & Reactions
A. White Liquor added to wood chips. (Na 2S + NaOH + Na 2CO3 )
B. Black Liquor washed out
C. Pulp treated with Chlorine to oxidize Lignin
D. Pulp extracted with Caustic Sods to remove Lignin
E. Pulp treated with Sodium Hypochiorite (NaOCI)
F. Pulp treated with Chlorine Dioxide (CIO 2 ) to increase whiteness
G. Bleached pulp slurry. Rosin, Alum, Dyes, Clay and Titanium Dioxide (TIO 2 ) added.
H. Paper sheet formed here through dewatering. Rosin and Alum react to size the
paper (make it more waterproof).
I. Black Liquor (Spent White Liquor + Lignins from Wood).
J. Converts Black Liquor + added saltcake to Green Liquor thru combustion
1. Na 2SO4 ---> Na 2S
2. Na Lignin ---> Na 2CO3
K. Contains Green Liquor (Na 2CO3 + Na 2S)
L. Converts Green Liquor to White Liquor (Na 2S + Na<sub2< sub="">CO3 + Ca (OH) 2 --
-> NaOH + Na 2S + CaCO3 )</sub2<>
M. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3 ) is settled out and sent to Lime Kiln. Clarified White
Liquor goes back into new cooking cycle at Point A.
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 11/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 11
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 12/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 12
INTERACTION OF OXYGEN WITH INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
Wastewater from industrial activity may easily
have BOD due to the oxidation on organic
matters by microorganism If wastewater being discharged into the aquatic
system; oxygen level in water would drop
However, as the distance from outfall
increase , the oxygen influx from atmospheric
will exceed the microbial respiration rate
Therefore, the oxygen level is slowly back to
virtually 100% as distance increase
Picture A
The discharge waste is sufficient high in BOD
Picture B
There are 2 or more industrial activities
The phenomenon occur when the waste from the earlier out are still apparent inwater and combine with the new discharge
The water quality along the discharge/river system may undergoes a deleterious
Oxygen concentration may drop to zero (anoxic)
Effect may extend few kilometers before the oxygen raise up again / back to
normal concentration
Natural fauna would be completely displaced in the distance
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 13/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 13
TYPE OF INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGE IN MALAYSIA
Manufacturing
Industry, 45%
Sewage
Treatment
Plants, 47%
Animal Farm
(Pig, Cow
Farm), 5%
Agro-based
Industry, 3%
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 14/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 14
0
5
10
15
20
2521
2 1
64
1 2
10
1 1
4
1
POLLUTION STATUS – RIVER IN MALAYSIA
POLLUTED RIVER IN MALAYSIA
POLLUTED RIVER IN MALAYSIA
EXAMPLE :
o Sungai Klang – 1M tonne sewage collected along the river
o Only 1 species of fish, ______________ can survive in the river
o However, this fishes should not be eaten due to high _______________
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Clean Slightly
Polluted
Polluted Rivers
Monitored
306
217
54
577
Sungai Seget Sungai Skudai Sungai Kempas
Sungai Danga Sungai Segamat
Sungai Klang
Sungai JuruSungai JelutongSungai PinangSungai JejawiSungai Junjung
Sungai Langat
7/28/2019 Chapter 6 - Industrial Pollution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-industrial-pollution 15/15
Chapter 6: Industrial Pollution
Aquatic Pollution | MMS 3202 15
PARAMETER LIMITS OF EFFLUENT
Standard A
Effluent discharged into any inland water within the catchment area
Standard B
Effluent discharged into any other inland water
Parameter Standard
A B
Temperature ( oC ) 40 40
pH Value 6.0 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.0
BOD5 at 20oC ( mg/L ) 20 50
COD ( mg/L ) 50 100
Suspended Solids(mg/L )
50 100
Mercury ( mg/L ) 0.005 0.05
Cadmium ( mg/L ) 0.01 0.02
Arsenic ( mg/L ) 0.05 0.10
Lead ( mg/L ) 0.10 0.50
Copper ( mg/L ) 0.20 1.0
Phenol ( mg/L ) 0.001 1.0
Chlorine ( mg/L ) 1.0 2.0
Oil & Grease ( mg/L ) N.D. 10.0