HIGH GLUCOSE CONTENT IN BLOOD EXCESS GLUCOSE/ GLYCOGEN CONVERT TO FATS EXCESS FAT STORED IN ADIPOSE TISSUE HIGH CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN BLOOD DEPOSITED IN INNER WALL OF ARTERIES LUMEN OF ARTERIES BECOME SMALLER BLOOD FLOW BECOME SLOWER BLOCKAGE AT LUMEN OF ARTERIES WEIGHT LOSS TIREDNESS / FATIGUE GROWTH STUNTED KWASHIOKOR MARASMUS EXCESS AMINO ACIDS CONVERT TO UREA/ AMMONIUM COMPOUND ACCUMULATION OF URIC ACIDS LIPIDS CARBOHYDRATE MARASMUS WEIGHT LOSS TIREDNESS / FATIGUE DIEBETES MELLITUS OBESITY HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES HEART ATTACK/ ANGINA/ CHEST PAIN/ STROKE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS/ ATHEROSCLEROSIS OBESITY LIVER MALFUNCTION KIDNEY MALFUNCTION GOUT PROTEIN DEFICIENCY EXCESSIVE CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION MALNUTRITION http://edu.joshuatly.com/
Transcript
HIGH GLUCOSE CONTENT IN BLOOD
EXCESS GLUCOSE/ GLYCOGEN
CONVERT TO FATS
EXCESS FAT STORED IN ADIPOSE
TISSUE
HIGH CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN BLOOD
DEPOSITED IN INNER WALL OF
ARTERIES
LUMEN OF ARTERIES BECOME
SMALLER
BLOOD FLOW BECOME SLOWER
BLOCKAGE AT LUMEN OF ARTERIES
WEIGHT LOSS
TIREDNESS / FATIGUE
GROWTH STUNTED
KWASHIOKOR
MARASMUS
EXCESS AMINO ACIDS CONVERT TO
UREA/ AMMONIUM COMPOUND
ACCUMULATION OF URIC ACIDS
LIPIDS
CARBOHYDRATE
MARASMUS
WEIGHT LOSS
TIREDNESS / FATIGUE
DIEBETES MELLITUS
OBESITY
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES
HEART ATTACK/ ANGINA/
CHEST PAIN/ STROKE
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS/
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
OBESITY
LIVER MALFUNCTION
KIDNEY MALFUNCTION
GOUT
PROTEIN
DEFICIENCY EXCESSIVE
CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION
MALNUTRITION
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Salivary amylase
Starch + water
maltose
Rennin
Carseinogen + water carsein
Pepsin
Protein + water Polypeptides
Saliva
Salivary Gland
Gastric Gland
Gastric Juice
Enzymes
Acidic medium
Kill bacteria
HCL
MOUTH
STOMACH
DUODENUM
Pancreas
Liver Pancreatic Juice
Amylase
Starch + water maltose
Trypsin
Polypeptides+water peptides
Lipase
Lipid+water fatty acids+glyceroles
Alkaline
medium
Neutralize acid
Bile
Intestinal
Gland
Sucrase
Sucrose+water glucose + fructose
Maltase
Maltose+water glucose + glucose
Lactase
Lactose+water glucose + galactose
Erepsin
Peptides+water amino acids
Lipase
Lipid+water fatty acids + glyceroles
Intestinal Juice
ILEUM
FOOD DIGESTION
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ABSORPTION AND ASSIMILATION OF DIGESTED FOOD
Synthesis of plasma
membrane
Glucose Convert
Glycogen (stored)
Convert
Glucose
Synthesis of plasma
Proteins (in liver) Cellular respiration
Amino acids
Urea Synthesis of protoplasm
Excreted by kidneys
Lymphatic system
Bloodstream
Right lymphatic
duct
Heart
Deamination
Through
subclavian
veins
LIVER
Glucose
Hepartic portal vein
Fatty acids
and glycerol
Amino acids
Vitamin B, C
Vitamin A, D,
E, K Lipids
Blood Capillary Lacteal
Villi
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Photosynthesis
H 2 O
H + CO2 CH2O +
H2O
O + H2O
OH - - e- - OH
[ OH ] - HO2 + O2
H+ + e- H GRANA
STROMA
SSSTTTAAARRRCCCHHH SERIES OF CONDENSATION
ENVIRONMEN
T
e-
e-
PHOTOLYSIS
OF WATER
ENVIRONMEN
T
P4
P1
P2
P5
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS MECANISM
P1 : LIGHT REACTION REQUIRE LIGHT AND TAKES PLACE IN THE GRANA.
P2 : CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS / TRAPS LIGHT ENERGY
P3 : ELECTRON OF CHLOROPHYLL IS EXCITED
P4 : PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER OCCUR AND WATER SPLIT INTO HIDROGEN IONS ( H+ ) AND HYDROXYL
IONS
(OH- )
P5 : H+ ION COMBINES WITH THE ELECTRONE TO FORM HYDROGEN ATOM
P6 : THE ENERGY FROM THE EXCITED ELECTRONS IS USED TO FORM ATP
P7 : HYDROXYL IONS LOSES AN ELECTRON TO FORM HYDROXYL GROUP
P8 : THE HYDROXYL GROUPS COMBINE TO FORM O2 AND WATER
P9 : O2 IS RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
P10 : HYDROGEN ATOM IS USED IN THE REDUCTION OF CO2 INTO GLUCOSE
P11 : GLUCOSE UNDERGOES SERIES OF CONDENSATION TO FORM STARCH
P12 : DARK REACTION DO NOT REQUIRE LIGHT AND TAKES PLACE IN THE STROMA .
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Oxidation
Completely
Carbon dioxide + Water +
2898kJ
(38ATP)
Energy
Release
P1: Presence of oxygen
P2: Breakdown of glucose
P3: Products
P4: Number of ATP
Incompletely
Yeast
Carbon dioxide Animals (Muscle)
+ ethanol + 210kJ (2ATP) Lactic acids + 150kJ
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
MAIN SUBSTRATE:
Glucose
Breakdown
Oxygen
+ Oxygen
Glucose
Carbon dioxide +
+ water + energy
Glycogen (keep in body)
5/
6 1/
6 Oxidation
Convert
ATP
ADP
+
phosphate
+ energy
CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
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BREATHING MECHANISMS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS
BREATHING MECHANISMS IN INSECTS
CO2 O2
1. Abdominal
muscles relax
2. Spiracles open
3. Air pressure inside
Trachea lowered
4. Air drawn in
Inhales Exhales
1. Abdominal
muscles
contract
2. Air pressure inside
Trachea increased
3. Air drawn out
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BREATHING MECHANISMS IN FISH
Gill arch
Oxygen dissolved in water flow
Gills Operculum
Buccal cavity
1. Mouth opens 2. Floor of buccal cavity
lowered
3. Pressure in buccal
cavity lowered
4. Operculum closed
due to the high pressure
outside
5. Water drawn into the
mouth
6. Mouth closes
7. Floor of buccal cavity
raised
8. Water flows through
lamellae
9. Gases exchange
between blood
capillaries and water
10. Operculum open due
to the high pressure in
the buccal cavity
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BREATHING MECHANISMS IN FROG
Bucco-pharyngeal
floor lowered
Glottis closes
Air drawn into
bucco-pharyngeal
cavity through
nostrils
Bucco-pharyngeal
cavity
Glottis
Nostrils closed,
glottis opens
Bucco-pharyngeal
floor raised
Air pressure
increases
Air is pushed into
lungs
Lungs expand
Lungs contract
Air released
through nostrils
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BREATHING MECHANISMS IN HUMAN
1. INTERNAL
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
CONTRACT AND
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES RELAX
5. AIR IS
EXPELLED
OUT
4. VOLUME OF
THORACIC CAVITY
DECREASES AND
PRESSURE IN
THORACIC CAVITY
INCREASES
3. DIAPHRAGM
RELAXES AND CURVED
UPWARD
2. RIBCAGE MOVE
INWARD AND
DOWNWARD
5. AIR IS
FORCED IN
4. VOLUME OF THORACIC
CAVITY INREASES AND
PRESSURE IN THORACIC
CAVITY DECREASES
3. DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS
AND FLATTENED
2. RIBCAGE MOVE
OUTWARD AND
UPWARD
1. EXTERNAL
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
CONTRACT AND
INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES RELAX
Inhalation Exhalation
P6 DEOXYGENATED BLOOD ENTERING
THE BLOOD CAPILLARY
INHALED AIR
EXHALED AIR
P4
P6
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P1
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1. 7% - DISSOLVED CO2 IN
THE BLOOD PLASMA
2. 23 % -
CARBAMINOHAEMOGL
OBIN
3. 70 % - BICARBONATE
IONS
( HCO3- )
TISSUE CAPILLARIES
- CO2 DIFFUSES FROM BODY CELLS --> BLOOD
PLASMA --> RED BLOOD CELLS
- CO2 REACTS WITH WATER --> CARBONIC
ACIDS ( H2CO3) *CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
- CARBONIC ACIDS DISSOCIATES TO FORM H+
AND HCO3
- HCO3 DIFFUSE FROM RED BLOOD CELLS -->
BLOOD PLASMA
LUNG
- HCO3 DIFFUSES FROM BLOOD PLASMA --> RED
BLOOD CELLS
- FORM CARBONIC ACIDS (H2CO3) BREAKS DOWN
--> CO2 + H2O
- CARBONIC ACIDS DISSOCIATES TO FORM H+ AND
HCO3
- DIFFUSE OUT OF THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES &
INTO ALVEOLI
HAEMOGLOBIN + O2
OXYHAEMOGLOBIN
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2 IS HIGHER IN THE BLOOD CAPILLARY THAN THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2 IN THE BODY CELLS.
O2 DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELLS
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 IS HIGHER IN THE CELLS THAN THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 IN THE BLOOD CAPILLARY.
CO2 DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELLS
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i) Based on the diagram, fill in the blanks with the correct answer on how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is regulated
during a vigorous activity.
Sample answer
P1- During vigorous activity, the concentration of carbon dioxide …………………………… as a result of active cellular respiration
P2- The carbon dioxide react with water to form carbonic acid which results in a ……………………….. in the pH level of the blood and tissue fluid
that bathing the brain
P3- The drop in pH is detected by the ………………………………………………………. in the medulla oblongata
CO
NC
ENTR
ATI
ON
OF
CO
2
pH
IN B
LOO
D &
CER
EBR
PSP
INA
L FL
UID
CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS
(MEDULLA OBLONGATA)
PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS
carotid bodies & aortic bodies
INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES
DIAPHRAGM
RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
CONTRACT & RELAX
FASTER
BR
EATH
ING
& V
ENTI
LATI
ON
RA
TE NORMAL LEVELS
OF CO2 CONCENTRATION
NERVE IMPULSE NERVE IMPULSE RESPIRATORY
CENTRE
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P4- and detected by …………………………………………………. ( carotid bodies and aortic bodies )
P5- The central chemoreceptors and pheripheral receptors send …………………………………………. to the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata
P6- The respiratory centre sends nerve impulses to the …………………………………………. and the ……………………………………………….., causing the
respiratory muscle to contract and relax faster
P7- As a result, the breathing and ventilation rate ……………………………… causes ………………………….. oxygen inhaled and the oxygen concentration
return to the normal level
P8- As excess carbon dioxide is ……………………………………. from the body, the carbon dioxide concentration and pH value of the blood return to
………………………………………………………….
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CHAPTER 9: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM
EFFECTS HUMAN
ACTIVITIES
GREEN HOUSE
EFFECT DOMESTIC
WASTE
LANDSLIDE
LOST OF WATER
CATCHMENT
SOIL EROSION
CLIMATIC
CHANGES
LOSS OF
HABITAT
FLASH FLOOD
GLOBAL
WARMING
INCREASE OF CO2
INCREASE OF
TEMPERATURE
EXTINCTION LOSS OF
BIODIVERSITY
DISTURP THE
FOOD CHAIN
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
INTENSIVE FARMING
EUTHROFICATION
WATER POLLUTION
AQUATIC
ORGANISM
DIE
THERMAL
POLLUTION
ICE MELTING INCREASE OF
SEA LEVEL
ACID RAIN
DEFORESTATION
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CHAPTER 1: TRANSPORTATION
- initiated and coordinated by pacemaker Sinoatrial nodes (SA Nodes)
Atria Atrial wall blood pumped Wall contract into ventricles SA nodes AV Ventricles Venrical Blood pump out of
Wall Contract ventricles to lungs and body
- controlled by: i. parasympathetic nerve – slow down the pacemaker ii. sympathetic nerve iii. hormone e.g: adrenaline Diagram: The pumping of the Heart
Generate electrical
impulse Bundle branches
Bundle of His fibres
Purkinje fibres
P1
P2
P3
P4 P5
P6
P7 P8 P9 P10
speed up the pacemaker }
D1
Spread
Cause Effect
Impulse
reach
Spread
impulse Throughout Cause Effect
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Change of BP Baroreceptor } location: arch of aorta and carotid arteries
BP increases
Baroreceptor BP decreases
Cardiovascular centre
Weaker cardiac muscles contraction
Heart Stronger cardiac muscles contraction
Relax and widening (vasodilation) To lower the resistance of blood flow
Smooth muscles of the arteries Contract and narrowing (vasoconstriction) To higher the resistance of blood flow
Normal BP
Diagram: How blood pressure is regulated
D2
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Clumped platelets
Damage cells
Clotting factors in vit K & Ca+ the plasma (soluble protein)
1. blood that enter the arterial end of a capillary is under high hydrostatic pressure 2. cause some of plasma diffuse blood capillaries to space between cells.
5. Function: exchange materials between blood capillaries and cells occurs
6. 85% of the interstitial fluid re-enter blood circulation at the end of the venule 7. 15% diffused into lymphatic vessels 10. fatty acids 8. to form lymph ileum lacteal
9. 11. glyserol
lymphatic system subclavian vein
12. blood circulatory system
Diagram: Formation of Lymphatic system
D4
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1. Surface of mesophyll covered with a thin layer of water
2. heat from the sun cause water on the external surface evaporate
4. concentration water vapour compare in surrounding
3. saturating the air spaces
5. water vapour evaporate and diffuse out through
stomata 6. movement of air carry away water vapour
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Root pressure
8. Create a pushing force that result the inflow of water into the xylem – root pressure Capillary action
9. Cohesive force between water molecules draw up water in the xylem vessels 10. Adhesive force between water molecule and wall of xylem vessel
Transpiration pull 11. water evaporates from the surface of the mesophyll cells into air spaces 12. the water evaporates into surrounding through stomata 13. the water is lost from mesophyll cell is replaced by water in the xylem
Diagram: Transportation of water from soil to leaves
Root hair
1. surrounding soil
is hypotonic
2. water
osmosis
Cortex
3. hypotonic
5. moves inward
through:
i. cytoplasm
ii. vacuole
iii. cell walls
7. moves inward
through:
i. cytoplasm
ii. vacuole
Endodermis
6. has Cosparian strip
– block the water
through cell wall
Xylem
vessel
4. diffuse
Adjacent cell
D6
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CHAPTER 3: COORDINATION AND RESPONSE Voluntary action Involuntary action (Reflexes) a) Reflex arc (needle) b) Knee-jerk reflex (patellar)
Diagram: Transmission pathway of Information
Stimuli
Afferent
neurone
Response Effectors Brain (Interneurone)
Receptors
Efferent
neurone
Stimulus
Afferent
neurone
Response Effectors Spinal cord Receptors
Efferent
neurone
D7
Stimuli
Afferent
neurone
Response Effectors Spinal cord
(interneurone)
Receptors
Efferent
neurone
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Diagram: Transmission of information across synapses
Key: (P10) T – allele for tall T – allele for dwarf
Diagram: Schematic Diagram for monohybrid
Meiosis (P3)
D21
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Cell containing gene
of interest
1. Isolation of
plasmid DNA Plasmid
Bacterial
chromosom
e
Bacterium
2. Gene of interest is cut using an
enzyme
4. Plasmid put into bacterial cell
3. Gene inserted into plasmid
5. Recombinant bacterium is cultured
6. Identify bacteria carrying gene of interest
Plasmid recombinant
Bactrium
recombinant
Culturel medium
D22
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PAST YEAR QUESTIONS 1. The following statements are on lymphatic system and blood circulatory system.
The substances that come out from the blood capillaries into the body tissues will be reentered into the blood circulatory system
Lymphatic system also function in transport products of digestion Explain the above statements to justify that lymphatic system is a complementary to the blood circulatory system.
[10 Marks] [SPM 2006] Refer D4
2. Auxin is a plant hormone which helps in plant growth. Diagram 7.2 shows the growth of a shoot towards light.
Explain the role of auxin in the growth of the plant shoot as in Diagram 7.2.
[4 marks] [SPM 2007] Refer D13
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3. Diagram 8.2 shows the movement of water molecules of water molecules in a
plant.
Explain how water molecules move from root to the leaf in the plant and then moves out into the atmosphere.
[10 marks] [SPM 2009]
Refer D6
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4. Based on the above statement, explain how the HCG injections enable the process of pregnancy.
[6 marks] [SPM 2005] Refer D17
5. Figure 7(c) shows the organs and glands involved in regulating the human body
temperature.
A student skates on an ice skating rink. Based on figure 7(c), explain how regulation of the student’s body temperature occurs.
[10 marks] [SPM 2004] Refer D12
6. Starting from when the blood enters the kidney, explain how the waste products excreted from kidney as urine.
[15 marks] [SPM 1988] Refer D9
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) has a similar role to
luteinizing hormone (LH). The woman has a problem conceiving
due to failure in ovulation. The woman becomes pregnant after a
doctor has given her injections of HCG
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7. A supervisor enters a frozen storage that use for keeping the food. Explain the physiology changes that occurs in the body to maintain his body temperature.
[10 marks] [SPM 2001]
Refer D12
8. Individual X had a medical check up. He told the doctor that his wound at his leg
takes time for recovery. After the medical check up ,the doctor told him: i. His urine is positive for reducing sugar ii. His blood glucose level over the normal level iii. Are adviced to reduce the intake of rich carbohydrate food iv. To take insulin injection
Based on your biological knowledge, write a report that explain the individual X’s condition.
[8 marks] [SPM 2001] Refer D11
9. Menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones that released by pituitary gland and ovary. Married women who want to practice family planning may use the contraceptive pills. Describe how contraceptive pills act as a negative feedback to prevent pregnancy.
[10 marks] [SPM 2002]
Refer D16 & D18
10. In a family, the father has curly hair and the mother has straight hair. Based on your genetic knowledge, explain why all their children do not have straight hair.
[10 marks] [SPM 1987]
Refer D21
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11. Diagram 7.1 shows an electron micrograph of cellular components of human blood
Diagram 7.1
Based on Diagram 7.1, explain how platelets help to stop bleeding
when a wound occurs. [ 4 marks ] [SPM 2008]
Refer D3
Answer all questions.
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Jawab semua soalan.
The time suggested to complete each question is 45 minutes.
Masa yang dicadangkan untuk menjawab semua soalan ialah 45 minit. QUESTION 1 A group of biology students carried out an experiment to determine the variation of leaf by measuring the leaves surface area for three different plant P,Q and R but same spesies. Sekumpulan pelajar biologi menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji variasi daun dengan mengukui luas permukaan daun bagi tiga tumbuhan P, Q dan R yang berlainan persekitaran yang berbeza tapi daripada sepseis yang sama. Diagram 1 shows the surface area of 48 leaves from P,Q and R. Rajah 1 menunjukkan luas permukaan 48 helai daun dari tumnuhan P,Q dab R.
(a) Based on the table 1,record the number of leaves based on range of leaves surface area below..
Berdasarkan Rajah 1 rekodkan bilangan daun berdasarkan sela kelas luas permukaan daun di bawah.
Leaves Surface Area/Luas permukaan daun (mm2)
50-53
54-57
58-61
62-65
66-69
70-73
74-77
78-81
Number of leaf Bilangan daun
Table 1 jadual 1
[3 marks] (b)(i) Based on table 1, state two observations from this experiment. Berdasarkan jadual 1, nyatakan dua pemerhatian daripada eksperimen ini.
(e)(i) Based on table 1, construct a table and record the result of the experiment which includes the following aspects: Berdasarkan jadual 2, bina satu jadual dan rekod keputusan eksperimen di mana mengandungi aspek berikut :-
Title with correct unit Tajuk dengan unit yang betul
Leaves surface area Luas permukaan daun
Number of leaves Bilangan daun
[3 marks]
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(ii) Use the graph paper provided on page 8 to answer this question. The variation of leaves is represented by the leaves surface area. Using the the data in 1(e)(i) , draw a bar chart to show the realationship between variation of leaves against number of leaves on the graph paper provided. Gunakan graf yang di sedikan di halaman 8 untuk menjawab soalan ini. Variasi daun diwakili oleh luas permukaan daun. Menggunakan data di 1 (e)(i), lukis graf bar untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara variasi daun dengan bilangan daun
[3 marks]
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f) Based on a bar chart, explain the relationship between variation of leaves and
the number of leaves. Berdasarkan graf bar , terangkan perhubungan antara variasi daun dan bilangan daun.
g) The experiment is repeated using same plant but planted in sand area. Predict the number leaves in range surface area 74 – 81 mm2 . Eksperimen di ulang menggunakan pokok yang sama tetapi di tanam di kawasan berpasir .Ramalkan bilangan daun dalam sela luas permukaan daun antara 74-81 mm 2..
(i) The following is a list of genetic and environmental factors for variation
classify these factors causing variationin table 3. Berikut adalah senarai faktor-faktor genetic dan sekitaran yang mempengaruhi variasi klasifikasikan faktor penyebab variasi dalam jadual 3
Genetic Factor Faktor Genetik
Enviroment Factor Faktor Persekitaran
Table 3 Jadual 3
[3 marks]
mutation, nutrient ,sunlight, temperature, sexual reproduction,
No Mark Scheme Score KB0603 – Measuring Using Number
1(a)
Able to record all the number of leave at their range of surface area correctly Sample answer
Leaves Surface area
50-53 54-57 58-61 62-65 66-69 70-73 74-77 78-81
Number of leaves
2 5 8 12 9 7 4 1
3
Able to record any two heights correctly 2
Able to record any one height correctly 1
No response or incorrect response. 0
KB0601 - Observation (b) (i) Able to state any two correct observations based on the following criteria :
K1 – range of leaves surface area K2 - The number of leaves Sample Answer Horizontal observation:
1. The range of leaves surface area for 62-65 is 12 2. The range of leaves surface area for 78-81 is 1
Vertical observation :
3. The range of leaves surface area for 62-65 is higher number of leaves surface area compared to other the range of leaves surface area
3
Able to state one correct observation and any one inaccurate observation or able to state two inaccurate observations Sample answers of incomplete observation : (Has the range surface area, but no value
of number but in qualitative) Horizontal
1. The range of leaves surface area for 62-65 is the higher number 2. The range of leaves surface area for 78-81 is the lower number
2
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Able to state only one correct observation or Able to state two observations at idea level. Sample answer
1. Number of leaves lower in the range of surface area. 2. Number of leaves lower at the lower range of surface area.
1
No response or incorrect response or one idea only 0
Able to make two correct inferences Sample answers Horizontal observation
1. Range of surface area 50-53 has low number of leaves distribution .
2. Range of surface area 62-65 has higher leaves distribution
Notes : The inferences should be correspond to the observations. – inference 1observation 1 0 mark if not correspond
- inference 2observation 2
3
Able to make one correct inference and one inaccurate inference or Able to state two inaccurate inferences Sample answers Inference (horizontal observation)
2
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1. Number of leaves for range of low surface area is lesser 2. Number of leaves for range of higher surface area is the most
Able to state only one correct inference or Able to state two inferences at idea level Sample answers
1. The range of surface area affect the number of leaves
KB0610-Controlling variables (c) Able to state all 3 variables and 3 methods to handle each variable.
Sample answer
Variable Method to handle the variable
Manipulated variable Range of surface area
Change the range of surface area 50-53,54-57,58-61,62-65,66-69,70-73,74-77,77-81 Use different range of surface area
Responding variable
The number of leaves
Count and record the number of leaves
Controlled variable 1.Species of plant 2. Area planted
1. Use the same/ fix species of
plant 2. Use the same/ fix location
planted
3
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All 6 ticks Able to state 4 to 5 ticks
2
Able to state 2-3 ticks
1
No response or incorrect response or one tick only 0
KB0611-State hypothesis (d) Able to state a hypothesis relating manipulated variable and responding variable
correctly with the following aspect : P1 – Manipulated variable – range of surface area P2 – Responding variable – The number of leaves H - relationship – higher // lower Sample answer
1. The number of leaves at range of surface area 62-65 is 12
3
Able to state a hypothesis relating the manipulated variable and the responding variable but less accurately. Sample answer 1.
2
Able to state one idea of a hypothesis Sample answer 1. The range of surface area affects the number of leaves (no P1 and relationship)
1
No response or incorrect response
0
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KB0606 – Communicating data
(e) (i) Able to construct a table correctly with the following aspects : 1. Able to state the 3 titles with units - T 1- mark 2. Able to record all data for leaves surface area correctly. - D 1 mark 3. Able to count the number of leaves - C 1 - mark Sample answer
Able to draw a graph of the variation of leaves against the number of leaves which satisfies the following criteria: Axes (P) – both axes are labelled and uniform scales,
manipulated variable on horizontal axis, correct units.
Points(T)- all points correctly plotted
Shape(B)- all points are connected smoothly
Sample Answer Refer grap
3
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Any two aspects correctly
2
Any one aspects correctly
1
No response or incorrect response 0
KB 0608 – Interpreting data (f)
Able to explain the relationship between the range of surface area and the number of leaves correctly based on the following criteria: R1- number of leaves is higher at range of surface area 62-65 E1- show slight different in characteristic of individiual E3- continuos varition Sample Answer
1. The number of leaves is higher at range of surface area 62 -65,
2. Show slight different in characteristic of individual
3. To show continuous variation
3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
rangeof
surfacearea
number ofleaves
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Able to explain the relationship using any two criteria
2
Able to explain the relationship using one criteria
1
No response or incorrect response
0
KB0605 - Predicting
Able to predict correctly and explain the prediction based on the following criteria: P – number of leaves lesser E1 – at range of surface area at 78-81 E2- due to continuous varition Sample answer
Contoh jawapan Number of leaves lesser at range of surface area at 78-81 due to continuous variation.
3
Any two criteria stated 2
Any one criteria stated 1
No response or incorrect response 0
KB0609 – Defining by operation (g) Able to state the definition of exhaled air operationally, complete and correct based on
the following criteria: D1- Continuous variation is slight differences in characteristics (Fact) D2- that cause the change in the number of leaves(RV) D3- affected by area planted/range of surface area (MV ) Sample answer
3
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Continuous variation is differences in characteristics that cause the changes in the number of leaves affected by area planted/ range of surface area. Any two criteria stated Sample answer Continuous variation is differences in characteristics that cause the changes in the number of leaves
2
Any one criteria stated 1. Continuous variation is differences in characteristics 2. Continuous variation is the changes in number of leaves
1
None of the above or no response 0
KB0602 - Classifying (c) (ii) Able to classify the genetic and environmental cause varition in this experiment
correctly Sample Answer
Genetic factor
Enviromental factor
Sexual reproduction
nutrient
mutation
temperature
sunlight
5 Ticks
3
4 Ticks 2
2- 3 Ticks 1
No response or wrong response 0
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Question 2
Transpiration is the loss of water to surroundings in the form of water vapour from the surface of plant through evaporation
There are several environment factors that affect the rate of transpiration. Humidity is one of the factors that affect the rate of transpiration
Transpirasi ialah proses kehilangan air ke persekitaran melalui permukaan daun melalaui proses penyejatan
Design a laboratory experiment to study the effect of humidity on rate of transpiration
The planning of your experiment must include the following aspects:
Problem statement Penyataan masalah
Hypothesis Hipotesis
Variables Pembolehubah
List of apparatus and materials Senarai radas dan bahan
Experimental procedures or methods Prosedur eksperimen
Presentation of data Persembahan data
[17 marks]
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QUESTION 2
PROBLEM STATEMENT (01)
No. Mark Scheme Score
2(i)
KB061201 Able to state a problem statement relating the manipulated variable with the responding variable correctly
3
P1 : level of humidity P2 : rate of transpiration H : question form and question mark(?) Sample answer 1. What is the effect of level of humidity on the rate of transpiration? 2. How does level of humidity affect the rate of transpiration?
Able to state a problem statement less accurately
2
Sample answer
1. What is the level of humidity on the rate of transpiration. (no H) 2. What is the effect of level of humidity on the transpiration? (incomplete P2) 3. What is the effect of humidity on the rate of transpiration? (incomplete P1)
Able to state a problem statement at idea level
1
Sample answer
1. What is the rate of transpiration. (no P1 and H) 2. What is the effect of level of humidity.(no P2 and H)
No response or incorrect response
0
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HYPOTHESIS (02)
No. Mark Scheme Score
2 (iii) KB061202
Able to state a hypothesis relating the manipulated variable to the responding variable correctly 3
P1 : level of humidity P2 : rate of transpiration H : relationship
Sample answer
1. The higher the level of humidity, the lower the rate of transpiration.
Able to state a hypothesis inaccurately *Have P1 and P2 or P1/P2 and H 2
Sample answer
1. The level of humidity is affected/influences by the rate of transpiration. (no H)
Able to state a hypothesis at idea level 1 Sample answer 1. Humidity affects the rate of transpiration (only P2)
2. If more humidity, more transpiration be happened.
No response or incorrect response 0
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VARIABLES (03)
No. Mark Scheme Score
2 (iv) Able to state all three variables correctly
KB061203
Sample answer
Manipulated : level of humidity – 1m
Responding : rate of transpiration / Distance travel of bubble in 5 minutes -1m
3
Fixed : light intensity, wind movement, temperature, size of plant use - 1m
Able to state only two variables correctly 2
Able to state only one variables correctly 1
No response or incorrect response 0
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LIST OF APPARATUS AND MATERIALS (04)
No. Mark Scheme Score
2(v) Able to list all the important apparatus and materials correctly 3
KB061205
Sample answer
Apparatus :Capillary tubing, rubber tubing, a beaker, a basin of water, stopwatch, ruler
2 (vii) Able to describe the steps of experiment correctly based on the following aspects:
KB061204 K1 : Preparation of materials and apparatus (any 3)
K2 : Operating the constant variable (any 1)
K3 : Operating the responding variable (any 1)
K4 : Operating the manipulated variable (any 1)
K5 : Steps to increase reliability of results accurately (any 1)
Sample answers
1. A hibiscus plants is cut under water
2. The end stem of the leafy shoot is immersed in water.
3. The capillary tube is filled with water and held upright in beaker filled with water.
4. The leafy shoot is inserted into rubber tubing which ia attached to the capillary tube.
5. The hibiscus plant and capillary tube is held upright using a retort stand.
6. The capillary tube is marked with points X and Y which are 5 cm apart.
7. The capillary tube is lifted just above the water level to trap an air bubble in the tube
8. The time taken for air bubble to move from point X- Y is recorded using stopwatch 9.The experiment (K2) repeat step 1 – 7 but the hibiscus plant covered by transparent polythene bag
K1 ( All 4)
1. Cut under water
2. fill the beaker with water 3. Fill the capillary tube with water
4. inserted leafy plant to rubber tubing
5.lifted capillary tube
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K2 (any 1)
1. mark the capillary tube 5 cm apart
2. Fix the type of plant
K3
1. Record the time taken of air bubble to move from X -Y
K4
1. Repeat the experiment with plant covered with transparent polythene bag
K5 (any 1)
1. use vaselin for airtight.
2. cut the leafy shoot under water to prevent air bubble.
All 5 'K' 3
Any 3 - 4 K 2
Any 2 K 1
No response or incorrect response or 1 K only. 0
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No.
Mark Scheme
Score
2 (viii) Able to construct a table to record data based on the following aspects : 2
KB061203 1. Correct title and units (*titles –compulsary) – 1m 2. List the MV – 1m
Sample answer
Condititon of enviroment Time taken for the air bubble
to move a distance of 5 cm ( second)
Plant without covered with transparent polythene bag
