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Skeletal Muscles of the Body Chapter 6 – part 2
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Page 1: Chapter 6 part 2oprfhsanatomy.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/0/8/5708724/naming_muscles_… · Skeletal Muscles pull on bones ... Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body In general,

Skeletal Muscles of the Body

Chapter 6 – part 2

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Basic Principles

600 + muscles in the human body (you are

required to learn 45, lucky kids)!

Skeletal Muscles pull on bones

Origin of a muscle = point of attachment

on a stationary bone

Insertion of a muscle = point of

attachment on the bone that is moving

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Figure 6.12 Muscle attachments (origin and insertion).

Muscle

contracting

Origin

Brachialis

Tendon

Insertion

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Types of Body Movements

Flexion

Decreases the angle of the joint

Brings two bones closer together

Typical of bending hinge joints (e.g., knee and elbow) or ball-

and-socket joints (e.g., the hip)

Extension

Opposite of flexion

Increases angle between two bones

Typical of straightening the elbow or knee

Extension beyond 180° is hyperextension

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 6.13a Body movements.

Flexion

Flexion

Extension

Extension

Hyperextension

(a) Flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the shoulder and knee

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Figure 6.13b Body movements.

(b) Flexion, extension,

and hyperextension

Extension

Flexion

Hyperextension

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Types of Body Movements

Rotation

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

Common in ball-and-socket joints

Example: moving the atlas around the dens of axis (i.e.,

shaking your head ―no‖)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 6.13c Body movements.

(c) Rotation

Rotation

Lateral

rotation

Medial

rotation

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Types of Body Movements

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the midline

Adduction

Opposite of abduction

Movement of a limb toward the midline

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 6.13d Body movements.

Abduction

Adduction Circumduction

(d) Abduction, adduction,

and circumduction

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Types of Body Movements

Circumduction

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Common in ball-and-socket joints

Proximal end of bone is stationary, and distal end moves in a

circle

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 6.13d Body movements.

Abduction

Adduction Circumduction

(d) Abduction, adduction,

and circumduction

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Special Movements

Dorsiflexion

Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin

(toward the dorsum)

Plantar flexion

Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

―Planting‖ the foot toward the sole

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 6.13e Body movements.

(e) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

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Special Movements

Inversion

Turning sole of foot medially

Eversion

Turning sole of foot laterally

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 6.13f Body movements.

(f) Inversion and eversion

Inversion Eversion

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Special Movements

Supination

Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly

Radius and ulna are parallel

Pronation

Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

Radius and ulna cross each other like an X

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 6.13g Body movements.

S

(g) Supination (S) and pronation (P)

Supination

(radius and ulna

are parallel)

Pronation

(radius rotates

over ulna)

S P P

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Special Movements

Opposition

Moving the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same

hand

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 6.13h Body movements.

(h) Opposition

Opposition

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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the

Body

In general, groups of muscles that produce opposite actions

lie on opposite sides of a joint

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Figure 6.14a Muscle action.

Example:

Pectoralis major

(anterior view)

(a) A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion*

* These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development.

The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.

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Figure 6.14b Muscle action.

Example: Latissimus

dorsi (posterior view)

The latissimus dorsi

is the antagonist of

the pectoralis major.

(b) A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension*

* These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development.

The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.

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Figure 6.14c Muscle action.

Example: Deltoid

middle fibers

(anterolateral

view)

(c) A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction

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Figure 6.14d Muscle action.

Example:

Teres major

(posterolateral view)

The teres major is

the antagonist of

the deltoid.

(d) A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction

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Types of Muscles

Prime mover—muscle with the major responsibility for a

certain movement

Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement

and helps prevent rotation

Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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There are 7 different ways that

muscles have been named…

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Naming of muscles

Relative Size of the muscle

Example = gluteus maximus

gluteus minimus

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Naming muscles

Direction the muscle fibers run

Example = rectus (straight) abdominis

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Naming muscles

Location of the muscle in the body

Example = frontalis lies over the frontal bone

(anatomical terms)

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Naming of muscles

Number of origins

Example = triceps (three heads)

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Naming muscles

Location of Origin and insertion

Example = sternocleidomastoid

Attaches to the

sternum, clavicle

and the mastoid process

of the temporal bone

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Naming muscles

Shape of the muscle

Example = deltoid (triangle)

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Naming of muscles

Action the muscle makes

Example – extensor carpi extends

flexor carpi flexes


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