chapter 6 .pptx

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TELECO M M U N ICATIO N S,TH E IN TERN ET, AN DW IRELESS TECH N O LO G Y

Chapter # 6


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Telecom m unications andN et o!"in# in Toda$%s &usiness

W o!ld Firms in the past used two fundamentally dierenttypes of networks: telephone networks

computer networks

Telephone and computer networks are slowlyconverging into a single digital network usingshared Internet-ased standards and e!uipment

"roadand:

ore than 6$% of &'(' Internet users have roadandaccess

"roadand wireless: )oice and data communication as well as Internet

access are increasingly taking place over roadandwireless platforms


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W hat is a com puter netw ork? Two or more connected computers

a*or components in simple network Client computer

+ client is a piece of computer hardware or software thataccesses a service made availale y a server' The server isoften ut not always. on another computer system/ in which

case the client accesses the service y way of a network'

(erver computer + server is a computer program or a machine that waits for

re!uests from other machines or software clients. and respondsto them' + server typically processes data' 0a1 The purpose ofa server is to share data or hardware and software resourcesamong clients'

2etwork interfaces 2ICs. + network interface card NIC. is a circuit oard or card that is

installed in a computer so that it can e connected to a network


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Connection medium 3ink through with devices communicate

2etwork operating system

+ network operating system 24(. is a computer operatingsystem that is designed primarily to support workstation/personal computer/ and/ in some instances/ older terminal thatare connected on a local area network LAN.'

5u or switch

Hubs and switches function as a common connection point forthe workstations/ printers/ le servers and other devices thatmake up a network' The main dierence etween hubs andswitches is the way in which they communicate with thenetwork' + hub functions as the central connection point of anetwork'

7outer + router 0a1 is a networking device that forwards data packets

etween computer networks' Routers perform the 8tra9cdirecting8 functions on the Internet' + data packet is typicallyforwarded from one routerto another through the networks that

constitute the internetwork until it reaches its destination node'


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Com 'onents o( a Sim 'leCom 'ute! N et o!"


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N et o!"s in la!#ecom 'anies Components can include: 5undreds of local area networks 3+2s.

linked to rm wide corporate network

)arious powerful servers

e site Corporate intranet/ e;tranet

"ackend systems

oile wireless 3+2s i-Fi networks.

)ideo conferencing system

Telephone network

ireless cell phones


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Co!'o!ateN et o!"

In(!ast!uctu!e


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)e$ di#ital net o!"in#tec*nolo#ies

Cliented mainframecomputing

The Internet: 3argest implementation ofclient


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Packet switching

ethod of slicing digital messages intoparcels packets./ sending packetsalong dierent communication pathsas they ecome availale/ and then

reassemling packets at destination

?revious circuit-switched networksre!uired assemly of complete point-

to-point circuit ?acket switching more e9cient use of

network@s communications capacity


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Packet-Sw itched Netw orks andPacket Com m unications


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TCP/IP and connectivity

Connectivity etween computers enaled y protocols ?rotocols:

7ules that govern transmission of information etween twopoints

Transmission Control ?rotocol


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Reerence m ode! or TCP/IP


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T*e T!ansm ission Cont!ol+!otocolInte!net +!otocol

-TC+I+. Re(e!ence M odel


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Com m unications N et o!"s

(ignals: digital vs' analogodem: Translates digital signals into

analog form

Types of networks 3ocal-area networks 3+2s. Client


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"unction o # $%

Netw orkTopo!ogies


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T!ansm ission M edia+ transmission medium is a material sustance solid/ li!uid/

gas/ or plasma. that can propagate energy waves' For e;ample/the transmission medium for sounds is usually air/ ut solids

and li!uids may also act as transmission media for sound'

Physical transmission media

Twisted wire

a cale consisting of two wires twisted round each other/used especially for telephone or computer applications'

Coa;ial cale

Coa;ial cales are a type of cale that is used y cale T)and that is common for data communications

Fier optics and optical networks

+ er optic cale consists of a undle of glass threads/ eachof which is capale of transmitting messages modulatedonto light waves' Fier optics has several advantages overtraditional metal communications lines: Fier optic caleshave a much greater andwidth than metal cales'


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Wireless transmission media anddevicesicrowave

!atellitesCellular telephones

"ransmission speedHert# $re%uency& the number of times

that somethin' happens durin' aparticular period

(andwidth

In computin') bandwidth is thebit*rate of available or consumedinformation capacity e+pressedtypically in metric multiples ofbits per second, -ariously)bandwidth may be characteri#ed


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'!o(a! internethat is the InternetConnecting to the Internet

Internet service providers I(?s.(ervices

=(3/ cale/ satellite/ T lines TD/ TE.Internet addressing and architecture

I? addresses

+ uni!ue string of numers separated y fullstops that identies each computer using theInternet ?rotocol to communicate over anetwork'

The domain name system =2( is an areviation for =omain 2ame (ystem/

a system for naming computers and networkservices that is organi>ed into a hierarchy ofdomains' =2( naming is used in TC?


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%om ain nam e system


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Internet Architecture Trunk lines ackone networks. Transcontinental/ Gmps to H'G gps

7egional networks I(?s

Internet .overnance2o formal management?olicies estalished y professional/ government

organi>ations I+"

anage overall structure of internet

IC+22

+ssign I? addresses

EC

(ets standards for 5T3 and other programminglanguages


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"he $uture Internet IPv/ I?v6 is the successor to the rst addressing

infrastructure of the Internet/ Internet ?rotocolversion I?v.' In contrast to I?v/ whichdened an I? address as a EH-it value/ I?v6addresses have a si>e of DH its'

Therefore/I?v6 has a vastly

enlarged address space compared to I?v' Internet0) N.I InternetH is a not-for-prot &nited (tates

computer networking consortium led ymemers from the research and education

communities/ industry/ and government' The 2e;t Jeneration Internet ?rogram also 2JI/2JI Initiative. was a &nited (tates Jovernmentpro*ect intended to drastically increase the speedof the Internet'

For high andwidth H'G gps to K'6 gps Aective routin /


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Inte!net se!/ices andcom m unication tools

A-mail messages distriuted y electronic means from onecomputer user to one or more recipients via anetwork'

Chatting and instant messaging

Typically/ the instant messa'in' system alerts youwhenever someody on your private list is online' Lou canthen initiate a chat session with that particular ?erson

3ive/ interactive conversation 2ewsgroups

+ news'roup is a discussion aout a particularsu*ect consisting of notes written to a centralInternet site and redistriuted through &senet/ aworldwide network of news discussion groups'&senet uses the 2etwork 2ews Transfer ?rotocol

22T?.'


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Telnet"elnet is a user command and an underlying TC?


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0oice o/e! I+ -0oI+.


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)irtual private networks )?2s.)?2/ or virtual private network / is a

network that is constructed y using pulic

wires N usually the Internet N to connect to aprivate network/ such as a companyMs internalnetwork' There are a numer of systems thatenale you to create networks using theInternet as the medium for transporting data'

orld ide e The orld ide e . is an open

source information space where

documents and other we resources areidentied y &73s/ interlinked yhyperte;t links/ and can e accessedvia the Internet' It has ecome known

simply as the e'


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T*e W o!ld W ide W e1 5T3 5yperte;t arkup 3anguage.:

Formats documents for display on e 5yperte;t Transfer ?rotocol 5TT?.:

Communications standard used fortransferring e pages

&niform resource locators &73s.: +ddresses of e pages

A'g'/http:


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!earch en'ines

(tarted in early DKK$s as relatively simple

software programs using keyword inde;es Today/ ma*or source of Internet

advertising revenue via search enginemarketing/ using comple; algorithms andpage ranking techni!ues to locate results

(hopping ots

&se intelligent agent software for

searching Internet for shoppinginformation


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W e1 234 (econd-generation interactive Internet-ased

services enaling people to collaorate/ shareinformation/ and create new services online

Cloud computing

(oftware mashups and widgets

"logs: informal e sites created y individualsusing easy-to-use welog pulishing tools

7(( Rich !ite !ummaryO originally R1$ !ite!ummaryO often called Really !imple!yndication. uses a family of standard we feed

formats to pulish fre!uently updated information:log entries/ news headlines/ audio/ videos

ikis: Collaorative e sites where visitorscan add/ delete/ or modify content on the site


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Intranets &se e;isting network infrastructure with

Internet connectivity standards softwaredeveloped for the e

Create networked applications that canrun on many types of computers

?rotected y rewalls 2+tranets +llow authori>ed vendors and customers

access to an internal intranet

&sed for collaoration +lso su*ect to rewall protection

T* W i l R l ti


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T*e W i!eless Re/olution ireless devices

?=+s/ "lack"erry/ smart phones

Cellular systems

Competing standards for cellularservice &nited (tates: C=+

ost of rest of world: J(

Third-generation EJ. networks

5igher transmission speeds suitale forroadand Internet access

C=+


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C=+ C=+ Code-=ivision ultiple +ccess. refers to any of

several protocols used in second-generation HJ. and third-generation EJ. wireless communications' +s the term

implies/ C=+ is a form of multiple;ing/ which allowsnumerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel/optimi>ing the use of availale andwidth' The technologyis used in ultra-high-fre!uency &5F. cellular telephonesystems in the $$-5> and D'K-J5> ands'

.! Jloal (ystem for oile communication. is a digital

moile telephony system that is widely used in Aurope andother parts of the world' .! uses a variation of timedivision multiple access T=+.

EJ The term EJ internet refers to the third generation of

moile phone standards/ as set y the International Telecommunications &nion IT&.' EJ technologies allowmoile operators to oer more service options to theirusers/ including moile roadand'

T* W i l R l ti


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T*e W i!eless Re/olutionWireless computer networks and Internet access

"luetooth $H'DG.

(luetooth is a wireless technolo'y standard fore;changing data over short distances using short-wavelength &5F radio waves in the I( and from H' toH'G J5>. from ;ed and moile devices/ and uildingpersonal area networks ?+2s.'

3inks up to devices in D$-m area using low-power/ radio-ased communication

&seful for personal networking ?+2s.

i-Fi $H'DD.

(et of standards: $H'DDa/ $H'DD/ $H'DDg/ $H'DDn &sed for wireless 3+2 and wireless Internet access

&se access points: =evice with radio receiver


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) *!uetooth Netw ork +P)N,


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)n .011 W ire!ess 2)N


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W iM A5

WiA3 orldwide Interoperailityfor icrowave +ccess. is a wirelessindustry coalition dedicated to theadvancement of IAAA $H'D6standards for roadand wirelessaccess "+. networks'

ireless access range of ED miles7e!uire ia; antennas


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Radio (!e6uenc$identi(ication -R7ID . &se tiny tags with emedded microchips

containing data aout an item and location/ andantenna

Tags transmit radio signals over short distances

to special 7FI= readers/ which send data overnetwork to computer for processing

Common uses:

+utomated toll-collection

Tracking goods in a supply chain

7e!uires companies to have special hardwareand software

7eduction in cost


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Radio (!e6uenc$identi(ication -R7ID .

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