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Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein
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Page 1: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Chapter 6

Religion

PPT by Abe Goldman

An Introduction to Human GeographyThe Cultural Landscape, 8e

James M. Rubenstein

Page 2: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Distribution of Religions

• Universalizing religions– Christianity– Islam– Buddhism

• Ethnic religions– Hinduism– Other ethnic religions

Page 3: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Religion

• Varies in it’s cultural role: dominating/unimportant

• All societies have value systems• Religion has influenced economics,

politics and landscape

Page 4: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Secularism: indifference to or rejection of religion and religious

beliefs

Page 5: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

World Distribution of Religions

Fig. 6-1: World religions by continent.

Page 6: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Universalizing

• Christianity• Islam • Buddhism• Attempt to be global, appeal to all,

seek to convert

Page 7: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

World Population by Religion

Fig. 6-1a: Over two-thirds of the world’s population belong to Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. Christianity is the single largest world religion.

Page 8: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Christianity

• Roman Catholic: 50%• Protestant 25%• Eastern Orthodox 10%• 15% Miscellaneous

Page 9: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Christian Branches in Europe

Fig. 6-2: Protestant denominations, Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy are dominant in different regions of Europe—a result of many historic interactions.

Page 10: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Eastern Orthodox

• 14 self governing sectors• Tend to be located in East Europe• 40% belong to Russian Orthodox• 20% Romanian Orthodox• 10% Bulgarian , Greek, Serbian

Page 11: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Western Hemisphere

• 90% Christian• Roman Catholic: 95% LA/ 25% NA• Protestant 50% US

– Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal and Lutheran

Page 12: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Christian Branches in the U.S.

Fig. 6-3: Distribution of Christians in the U.S. Shaded areas are counties with more than 50% of church membership concentrated in Roman Catholicism or one of the Protestant denominations.

Page 13: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Other Christian sects

• Coptic Church• Ethiopian Church• Armenian• Maronites in Lebanon• Mormons

Page 14: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Islam

• Fastest growing• Middle East and North Africa:50%• Other areas: Indonesia, Pakistan,

Bangladesh, India, Philippines and Nigeria

Page 15: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Branches of Islam

• Sunni 83%• Shiite or Shia16%

Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan

• 90% of Iran is Shiite• Europe: 3% France largest %

Page 16: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Nation of Islam

• Born in 1930• Desire of American blacks to be

freed from White oppression• Members of lost Islamic tribe• Founded by Elijah Muhammad

Page 17: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Buddhism

• Mahayana: China, Japan and Korea

• Theravadists: Southeast Asia• Tantrayanists: Tibet and Mongolia

Page 18: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Other Universalizing

• Sikhism: combines Hinduism and Islam/rejects formalism

• Jainism: revolt against authority of early Hindu doctrines

• Baha’i: founded in Iran universal faith

Page 19: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Ethnic

• Strong territorial and cultural ID• Member by birth or adoption of life

style• Distinctive closed community• Does not seek converts

Page 20: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Hinduism

• Oldest religion• 97% India • Up to individual best way to

worship• Mono/Poly? All related to Brahma • No founder or single holy book

Page 21: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Hinduism

• Allegiance to a particular god • 70% Vishnu/Krishna• 25% Sivaism

Page 22: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Coexist with Buddhism

• Confucius: Correct behavior/roles in society

• Daoism (Taoism) in harmony with nature/ mystical and magical aspects: balance yin/yang

• Shintoism: Japan forces of natureancestor worship/ emperor deity

Page 23: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Judaism

• 17 million• Three branches Orthodox,

Conservative and Reform• 6 million in US/mostly in cities• 4 million in Israel

Page 24: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Variations in Distribution of Religions (1)

• Origin of religions– Origin of universalizing religions– Origin of Hinduism

• Diffusion of religions– Diffusion of universalizing religions– Lack of diffusion of ethnic religions

Page 25: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Origin of Christianity

• Founded upon teaching of Jesus• Born Bethlehem 4 BC died 30AD• Four gospels of followers document• Pope heads the Church hierarchy• Grace through sacraments• Belief in body and blood of Jesus in

Eucharist

Page 26: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Christianity split

• Eastern Orthodox: rivalry between Pope of Rome and Patriarchy of Constantinople: final 1054

• Protestantism: ReformationMartin Luther posts theses in Wittenberg: grace through faith rather than sacraments

Page 27: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Origins of Islam

• Trace lineage through second wife of Abraham and son Ishmael

• Wandered the desert reaching Makkah

• Muhammad born in Makkah:570 revelation from God through Gabriel

Page 28: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Islam

• Quran: God’s words as revealed to Muhammad

• Suffered persecution flee to Madina• Accepted in Madina: returns to

Makkah with army and establish religion

Page 29: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Differences branches

• Disagreement as to line of succession in Islamic leadership

• Shiites claim Ali descendents as leaders: cousin and son in law of Muhammed

• Sunnis claim leadership by qualified not by lineage

Page 30: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Differences

• Sunnis: effectiveness of family and community in solving life’s problems

• Shiite believe that imam sole source of true knowledge

Page 31: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Buddhism

• Siddhartha Gautama: 563 BC in Nepal: son of a Lord; easy life

• Encountered aged, disease, corpse• Left age 29: enlightenment through

meditation• Theravada: wisdom: monastic: personal

salvation: good behaviorMahayana: compassion: Salvation can

aided by superhuman sources of merit

Page 32: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

other

• Sikhism: Guru Nanak traveled 500 years ago

• Nine other Gurus succeed• Fifth guru complied/edited book of

scriptures• Remains clustered in Punjab• When India divided prefer to live in

Hindu dominated India

Page 33: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Baha’i

• Begun in Iran• Strong opposition from Shiite

Muslims: Bab executed • Baha’u’llah prophet arrested and

exiled to Baghdad• Appointed his son/leader and

interpreter of teaching

Page 34: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Hinduism

• Not originate from specific founder• Term: 6th century BC refers to

people in India

Prior to written history/earliest documents 1500BC

• Aryans from Central Asia brought

Page 35: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Hinduism

• More of a way of life: worship in home is common

• Pilgrimages, rituals, festivals• Fundamental doctrine karma• Ideal to move up hierarchy/ escape

cycle of rebirth through union with Brahman

• Reincarnation

Page 36: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion of Universalizing Religions

Fig. 6-4: Each of the three main universalizing religions diffused widely from its hearth.

Page 37: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion of Christianity

Fig. 6-5: Christianity diffused from Palestine through the Roman Empire and continued diffusing through Europe after the fall of Rome. It was later replaced by Islam in much of the Mideast and North Africa.

Page 38: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Christianity Diffusion

• Relocation diffusion: missionaries

carry along Roman Empire routes

Commercial towns and military settlements: Paul of Tarsus

• Contagious diffusion: Contact with believers

Page 39: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion

• Hierarchical diffusion: Emperor Constantine encouraged 312

• Period of decline/fall of Roman empire

• Kept alive in Ireland and Scotland

Page 40: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion

• Contagious diffusion: Eastern Orthodox from Constantinople north and northeast

• Protestantism: both contagious and hierarchical as political leaders would convert

Page 41: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion

• Era of European colonialism

• Missionary activity: conversion and marriage

Page 42: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion of Islam

Fig. 6-6: Islam diffused rapidly and widely from its area of origin in Arabia. It eventually stretched from southeast Asia to West Africa.

Page 43: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion of Islam

• Muhammad’s successors organize armies: Conquer Africa, Asia and Europe

• Extends from Morocco to India and from Turkey to Ethiopia

Page 44: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion

• Relocation: to Sub Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia

• Hierarchical: Arab traders to Indonesia and other areas: economic ties and cultural influence with leaders

Page 45: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion

• Spread into Christian strongholds creates conflict

• Iberian peninsula, Southeast Europe, Crusades

Page 46: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion of Buddhism

Fig. 6-7: Buddhism diffused gradually from its origin in northeastern India to Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and eventually China and Japan.

Page 47: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion

• Buddhism 6th century: reaction to social hierarchy of Hinduism

• Siddhartha Gautama: Salvation attained by anyone

• 3rd century: Asoka a convert• Asoka leader of large and powerful

state

Page 48: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion

• Rule country in accordance with teaching of Buddha

• Sent missionaries to carry message• Spread to Sri Lanka, Tibet, east to

China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam etc over span of 10 centuries

• Sri Lanka longest tradition

Page 49: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion

• Merchants along trading routes• Chinese rulers allow monks and

translations• Declines in region of origin

Page 50: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion of Ethnic Religions

• Lack missionaries devoted to conversion

• Universalizing mingle with them• African traditions added to

Christianity and Islam• Buddhism mingle with Shinto and

Daoism

Page 51: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Diffusion of Hinduism

• Born in Western part of India (Pakistan) and spread eastward

• First attach itself to traditional faiths and then supplant them

• Assimilate teachings into own • Emergence of compromise religion

Page 52: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Hinduism

• Did disseminate into Southeast Asia but was overtaken by others

• Island of Bali remains Hindu refuge when Islam engulfed Java

• Developed Syncretic faith: Hindu, Buddhist, animist and ancestor

• Few nonIndian conversions

Page 53: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Shintoism and Buddhism in Japan

Fig. 6-8: Since Japanese can be both Shinto and Buddhist, there are many areas in Japan where over two-thirds of the population are both Shinto and Buddhist.

Page 54: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Judaism

• Most Jews not lived in Eastern Med since 70AD

• Romans force Diaspora• Most to Europe a few to North

Africa and Asia

Page 55: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Variations in Distribution of Religions (2)

• Holy places– Holy places in universalizing religions– Holy places in ethnic religions

• The calendar– The calendar in ethnic religions– The calendar in universalizing religions

Page 56: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Holy places

• Ethnic: less widespread/derive from physical environment

• Universalizing: cites and places associated with founder’s life

• Pilgrimages both sacred/Hindus and Muslims especially

Page 57: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Holy places in Universalizing

• Buddhism and Islam place emphasis on identifying shines

Page 58: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Holy Sites in Buddhism

Fig. 6-9: Most holy sites in Buddhism are locations of important events in Buddha’s life and are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal.

Page 59: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Lumbini

Page 60: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.
Page 61: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.
Page 62: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.
Page 63: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.
Page 64: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Mecca, Islam’s Holiest City

Fig. 6-10: Makkah (Mecca) is the holiest city in Islam and is the site of pilgrimage for millions of Muslims each year. There are numerous holy sites in the city.

Page 65: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.
Page 66: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Places of Worship

Page 67: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Makkah

• Birthplace of Muhammad• Holiest object: Ka’ba• Built by Abraham and Ishmael• Contains black stone given to

Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people

Page 68: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Madinah

• Muhammad received his first support

• Muhammad’s tomb here• Every one is expected to undertake

a pilgramage to Mecca

Page 69: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Hindu Holy Places

Fig. 6-11: Hierarchy of Hindu holy places: Some sites are holy to Hindus throughout India; others have a regional or sectarian importance, or are important only locally.

Page 70: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Hinduism

• Tied to physical geography• Natural features among holiest shrines:

riverbanks or coastlines• Pilgrimage: act of purification: achieve

redemption: bathing in holy rivers• Ganges: connection to Siva• Importance of shrines by tradition not

doctrine

Page 71: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Cosmogony: set of beliefs concerning the origin of universe

• Chinese: balance of yin and yang• Christianity and Islam: God created

the universe: physical and human• Christians: Earth given to finish

task of creation• Islam: Humans representatives of

God but not partners

Page 72: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Some views

• Development of wilderness way to serve God/ Use of Earth’s natural resources

• May regard natural disasters as punishments for sins

• Or view environmental hazards as normal and unavoidable

Page 73: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Calendar in Ethnic

• Celebration of the seasons• Critical for successful agriculture• Rituals for favorable environmental

conditions or give thanks for success

Page 74: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Jewish calendar

• Ethnic: based on agriculture of Israel

• Grains planted in autumn: Time of hope and worry. Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur

• Sukkoth: final gathering and preparation for next year

Page 75: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Jewish

• Pesach: Passover: offered God first fruits of new harvest and sacrifice a young animal

• Shavuot: comes at end of the grain harvest

Page 76: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Jewish calendar

Tied to Exodus of Jews from EgyptPesach: liberation/Sukkot:wandering/

booths Shavuot: 10 comandments• Israel: Uses the lunar calendar:

350 days/appearance of new moon• Add extra month seven out of every

19 years for holidays

Page 77: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Jewish

• Pesach: Passover: offered God first fruits of new harvest and sacrifice a young animal

Page 78: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Solstice

• Longest day or shortest day• Significance for ethnic Relgions• Stonehenge: Southwest England:

Druids• Washington DC

Page 79: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Islamic Calendar

• Strict lunar calendar

• Muslim holidays arrive at different seasons

• Ramadan

Page 80: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Christian, Buddhist and Sikh Holidays

• Protestant and Roman Catholic: Gregorian calendar

• Eastern Orthodox uses Julian calendar• Easter: first full moon following the

spring equinox• Christmas: Northern hemisphere winter• Different conditions for different areas

Page 81: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Buddhist holidays

• Birth• Enlightment• Death• Not everyone celebrates on same

day

Page 82: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Organization of Space• Places of worship

– Christian worship– Places of worship in other religions

• Sacred space– Disposing of the dead– Religious settlements– Religious place names

• Administration of space– Hierarchical religions– Locally autonomous religions

Page 83: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Christian churches

• Gathering of believers• Expression of religious principles• Attendance considered important• Traditionally: prominent position in

community• Expense is a factor

Page 84: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.
Page 85: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Church Architecture

• Modeled after Roman buildings• Gothic: floor plan in form of a cross• Reflect cultural values• Eastern Orthodox: ornate• Protestant may be asture• Availability of materials

Page 86: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.
Page 87: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Mosque

• Space for community assembly• Not viewed as sanctified • Usually in larger cites• Organized around a central

courtyard• Minaret are distinctive

Page 88: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.
Page 89: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.
Page 90: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Hindu

• Sacred structures for collective worship not as important

• Religious functions can take place at home

• Temple: serves as a home to one or more gods

Page 91: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.
Page 92: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Buddhist and Shintoist Pagodas

• Prominent and visually attractive• Tall many sided towers, tiers,

balconies and slanting roofs• May contain relics of Buddha• Not designed for congregational

worship• Individual prayer or meditation

Page 93: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Disposing of the Dead

• Burial: Christians, Muslims and Jews in a designated area

• May be aligned in a traditional direction

• Traditionally used cemeteries as public open space

• China encouraged cremation

Page 94: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Other Methods

• Hindus: generally practice cremation: act of purification

• Used in Europe before Christianity• Free soul from the body: nomads

unwilling to leave dead behind• Zoroastrians/Tibetans exposure of

dead

Page 95: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Place Names in Québec

Fig. 6-12: Place names in Québec show the impact of religion on the landscape. Many cities and towns are named after saints.

Page 96: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Hierarchical

• Well defined geographic structure and organizes territory

• Roman Catholic Pope, Archbishops, Bishops, Priest

• Individual parishes work closely with centrally located officials

• Latter Day Saints: Strong organization wards, stake, board and president

Page 97: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Growth

• Roman Catholic Southwest and suburbs

• Declining in inner cities and rural areas

• Mormons: wards

Page 98: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Roman Catholic Hierarchy in U.S.

Fig. 6-13: The Catholic Church divides the U.S. into provinces headed by archbishops. Provinces are divided into dioceses, headed by bishops.

Page 99: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Local Autonomy

• Islam: neither religious hierarchy nor formal territorial organization

• Link of religious territory with secular states: more explicit commands

• Governments may include administrators interpret law

Page 100: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Islam

• High degree of communication and migration: pilgrimage to Makkah

• Uniformity is fostered by Islamic doctrine: Islamic schools

Page 101: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Protestant

• Extremely autonomous to somewhat hierarchical

• Baptist and United Church of Christ• Presbyterian intermediate• Episocopalian, Lutheran and

Methodist: similar to Roman Catholic

Page 102: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Ethnic

• Judaism and Hinduism no centralized structure of religious control

Judaism: only 10 adult males

Hinduism in home

Page 103: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Religious Conflicts

• Religion vs. government policies– Religion vs. social change– Religion vs. Communism

• Religion vs. religion– Religious wars in the Middle East– Religious wars in Ireland

Page 104: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Jerusalem

Fig. 6-14: The Old City of Jerusalem contains holy sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Page 105: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Boundary Changes in Palestine/Israel

Fig. 6-15: The UN partition plan for Palestine in 1947 contrasted with the boundaries that were established after the 1948–49 War. Major changes later resulted from the 1967 War.

Page 106: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

The West Bank: Political and Physical Geography

Fig. 6-16: Political control of the West Bank has been split between Palestinians and Israelis (though under overall Israeli control). The West Bank includes many of the higher altitude areas of the region.

Page 107: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Israel’s Security Zone in Lebanon

Fig. 6-1-1: Israel established a security zone in southern Lebanon in 1982. When Israel withdrew in 2000, the UN helped draw the boundary between the countries.

Page 108: Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein.

Protestants in Northern Ireland

Fig. 6-17: Percent Protestant population by district in Ireland, 1911. When Ireland became independent in 1937, 26 northern districts with large Protestant populations chose to remain part of the United Kingdom.


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