Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________
CHAPTER 6 Section 1 (pages 155–159)TERMS AND NAMES republic Government in whichcitizens have the right to select theirown leaderpatrician Aristocratic landownerplebeian Farmer, artisan, ormerchant; commonertribune Official who helped theplebeians protect their rights consul Official who was like a king senate Aristocratic branch of Rome’sgovernmentdictator Roman leader who hadabsolute power to make laws andcommand the army for a brief periodlegion Military unit of the ancientRoman armyPunic Wars Series of wars betweenRome and CarthageHannibal Carthaginian general whoinvaded northern Italy
The Roman RepublicBEFORE YOU READ
In the last section, you read about Hellenistic culture. Inthis section, you will read about the Roman republic.
AS YOU READUse the chart below to take notes on early Rome.
The Origins of Rome (pages 155–156)
Where was Rome founded?The city of Rome was founded by the Latin peopleon a river in the center of Italy. It was a good loca-tion, which gave them a chance to control all ofItaly. It put them near to the midpoint of theMediterranean Sea. Two other groups lived in whatis now Italy: the Greeks in the south, and theEtruscans in the north. The Romans borrowedsome ideas from both peoples.
1. What were the advantages of Rome’s location?
The Early Republic (pages 156–157)
How was Rome governed?In 509 B.C., Romans overthrew the Etruscan kingwho had ruled over his people and over Rome. TheRomans said Rome was now a republic. The peo-ple had the power to vote and choose leaders.
Two groups struggled for power in the newrepublic. One was the patricians. They were thearistocratic landowners who held most of thepower. The other group was the plebeians. Theywere the common farmers, artisans, and mer-chants who made up most of the population. Atfirst, the patricians had the most power. Over time,the plebeians got the right to form their ownassembly. They could elect representatives calledtribunes.
The basis for Roman law was the Twelve Tables.This set of rules said that all free citizens were pro-tected by law.
The government had three parts, Two consuls,or officials, were elected each year. They led thegovernment and the army.
The second part of the government was thesenate. It usually had 300 members chosen fromthe upper classes, The senate passed laws.
The third, and most democratic, part of govern-ment was the assemblies. The assemblies includedmembers from different parts of society, such ascitizen-soldiers or plebeians. The assemblies couldalso make laws.
If there were a crisis, the republic could appointa dictator. This was a leader with absolute power.The dictator made laws and commanded the army.But his power lasted for only six months.
Any citizen who owned property had to serve inthe army. Roman soldiers were organized into mil-itary units called legions. The Roman legion wasmade up of some 5,000 heavily armed foot soldiers.
2. What were the three main parts of Roman government?
Rome Spreads Its Power (pages 158–159)
How did Rome spread its power?In the fourth century B.C., Rome began to get larg-er. Within 150 years, it had captured almost all ofItaly. Rome allowed some of the conquered peo-ples to enjoy the benefits of citizenship. With itsgood location, Rome saw a growth in trade. Thisbrought it into conflict with Carthage, a trading cityin North Africa.
From 264 to 146 B.C., Rome and Carthagefought three bitter wars called the Punic Wars. Inthe first, Rome won control of the island of Sicily,In the second, Hannibal, a brilliant Carthaginiangeneral invaded northern Italy. He and his soldiersdid much damage. But he was unable to takeRome. It took an equally brilliant Roman general,Scipio, to defeat him. By the time of the third war,Carthage was no longer a threat to Rome. Even so,Rome destroyed the city and made its peopleslaves. Carthage became a new Roman province.
3. What happened as a result of the wars with Carthage?
Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________
CHAPTER 6 Section 2 (pages 160–165)TERMS AND NAMEScivil war Conflict between twogroups in the same countryJulius Caesar Ambitious leader whobrought order to Rometriumvirate Group of three rulers Augustus First ruler of imperial RomePax Romana Period of Roman peaceand prosperity
The Roman EmpireBEFORE YOU READ
In the last section, you read about the creation of theRoman republic.
In this section, you will read about the transformation ofRome from a republic to an empire.
AS YOU READUse the chart below to take notes on the end of theRoman republic and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
The Republic Collapses (pages 160–162)
What conflicts existed in Rome?Rome’s victory in Carthage brought conflictbetween the rich and poor in Rome. Civil war, orfighting between groups in the same country, brokeout. Leading generals fought for power.
Julius Caesar tried to take control. First hejoined with two others—Crassus, a wealthy man,and Pompey, a successful general. They formed atriumvirate, a group of three leaders. For the nextten years, the triumvirate ruled Rome.
Caesar gained fame with several victories inbattle. Pompey feared Caesar as a result. The twofought another civil war that lasted several years.
Caesar won the civil war and then governed as anabsolute ruler, or a leader who holds all power.
Caesar made some reforms that increased hispopularity. But some members of the senate mis-trusted him. They killed him because they fearedhe wanted to become king.
Once again, Rome suffered civil war. Caesar’snephew was the winner. He took the titleAugustus, meaning “exalted one.” The RomanEmpire was now ruled by one man.
1. How did Caesar’s rule lead to the end of the republic?
Collapse of the Republic conflict between rich and poor
What was the Pax Romana?For about 200 years, the Roman empire was agreat power. Its population of between 60 and 80million enjoyed peace and prosperity. This periodis known as the Pax Romana—Roman peace.
The empire stretched around the Mediterranean,from modem Syria and Turkey west and north toEngland and Germany. It relied on farming, whichemployed 90 percent of all workers.
Trade was also important. Traders used com-mon coins to buy and sell goods. Coins made trad-ing easier.
Rome had a vast trading network. Goods trav-eled throughout the empire by ship and along theRoman roads. The Roman navy protected tradingships.
The army defended all the people and Romanterritories from attack. Many of the army’s troopscame from the conquered peoples. Once they fin-ished their time in the army, they became Romancitizens.
Augustus was Rome’s ablest emperor. Hebrought peace to the frontier, built many publicbuildings, and created a lasting government. Healso set up a civil service. That is, he paid workersto manage the affairs of government.
Between A.D. 96 and A.D. 180, the Five GoodEmperors ruled Rome. The death of MarcusAurelius in A.D. 180 marked the beginning of thedecline of the Roman Empire and the end of PaxRomana.
2 How were the people of the empire employed?
The Roman World (pages 163–165)
How did the quality of Romanlife vary?Throughout its history, Romans valued discipline,strength, and loyalty, The family was the center ofRoman society. The oldest man in the family hadcomplete authority in the household. He con-trolled all the property, too.
The Romans made more use of slaves than anycivilization before. About one third of the peoplewere slaves. Most slaves came from conqueredlands. Slaves worked in the city and on farms.Some slaves were forced to become gladiators.Gladiators were professional fighters who fought tothe death in public contests, Slaves did revolt fromtime to time. None of these revolts succeeded.
Quality of life in imperial Rome depended onsocial position. The wealthy ate well and enjoyedluxuries. The poor—including many people inRome itself—had no jobs and received food fromthe government. Housing was poor. People lived inconstant danger of fire. To distract people fromtheir problems, the government gave many cele-brations and spectacles.
3. Who were the slaves, and what work did they do?
Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________
CHAPTER 6 Section 3 (pages 168–172)TERMS AND NAMESJesus Leader who came to be knownas Christ and was believed to be asaviorapostle Close follower of Jesus Peter First apostle who helpedspread Christianity through Syria andPalestinePaul Apostle who played a key rolein the spread of Christianitythroughout the Roman Empire Diaspora Moving away of the Jewsfrom their homeland in Palestine bishop Head of all churches in oneareapope Head of the Christian Church Constantine Roman emperor whoended persecution of Christians
The Rise of ChristianityBEFORE YOU READ
In the last section, you read about the Pax Romana. In this section, you will read about the development ofChristianity.
AS YOU READUse the chart below to take notes on the beginnings andthe spread of Christianity.
The Life and Teachings of Jesus(pages 168–169)
Why did people believe Jesus wasthe savior?One group of people that lost its land to theRomans was the Jews. Many Jews wanted theRomans to leave their land.
Others hoped for the coming of the Messiah—the savior. According to Jewish tradition. Godpromised that the Messiah would restore the king-dom of the Jews.
Jesus was born in Judea. At about age 30, Jesusbegan to preach. His message included many ideasfrom Jewish traditions, such as the principles of theTen Commandments and the belief in one God.According to close followers, who were later calledapostles, Jesus performed many miracles, Hisfame grew. Some believed him to be the long-awaited Messiah.
Jewish leaders did not believe that his teachingswere those of God. Roman leaders feared he wouldincite the people. The Romans arrested Jesus andput him to death.
LEADER REL IG IOUS INFLUENCE
Jesusspread message of lovebelieved by some to be Messiah
After his death, Jesus’s followers said that heappeared to them again and then went to heaven.They said this proved he was the Messiah. Theycalled him Christ. This is the Greek word for sav-ior. His followers came to be called Christians. Ledby Peter, the first apostle, they spread his teach-ings throughout Palestine and Syria.
How did Christianity spreadthrough the empire?At first Jesus’s followers were all Jewish. Later,under one apostle, Paul, Christians began to lookto all people, even non-Jews, to join the church.The leaders of the early church traveled through-out the empire spreading the teachings of Jesus.
During this time, Jews made attempts to breakfree of the Romans. These movements did not suc-ceed. Most Jews were driven from their homelandinto exile. This scattering of the Jews is called theDiaspora.
At the same time, Roman leaders tried to pun-ish the Christians. Some were put to death or killedby wild animals in the arena. But Christianity con-tinued to spread. After almost 200 years, millionsof people across the empire became Christians.
2. What did the Romans do to the Jews?
A World Religion (pages 170–172)
Why did Christianity spread?Christianity spread for several reasons. First, itaccepted all believers: rich or poor, male or female.Second, it gave hope to the powerless. Third, itappealed to those who were bothered by the lack ofmorality in Rome. Fourth, it offered a personalrelationship with god. Fifth, it offered the promiseof life after death.
As the church grew, it became more organized.Priests were in charge of small churches. Bishopswere in charge of all the churches in one area. Thepope was in charge of all, The pope was the headof the Christian Church.
In A.D. 313, Christianity entered a new era. TheRoman emperor Constantine said that Christianswould no longer be persecuted. He gave his officialapproval to Christianity. A few decades later,Christianity became the empire’s official religion.
While Christianity grew in power, it wentthrough changes. Church leaders sometimes dis-agreed over basic beliefs and argued about them.Church leaders called any belief that appeared tocontradict the basic teachings a heresy. From timeto time, councils met to end disagreements anddefine beliefs.
Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________
CHAPTER 6 Section 4 (pages 173–176)TERMS AND NAMES inflation Large drop in the value ofmoney and rise in the prices of goods mercenary Foreign soldiers whofought for moneyDiocletian Strong-willed army leaderand Roman emperor Constantinople New name forByzantium under Constantine Attila Powerful chieftain of Huns
The Fall of the RomanEmpireBEFORE YOU READ
In the last section, you read about the spread of Christianity.
In this section, you will learn how the Roman Empire collapsed.
AS YOU READUse the time line below to take notes on the fall of the empire.
A Century of Crisis (page173)
What problems did Rome face?Rome entered a period of decline after the reign ofMarcus Aurelius ended in 180 A.D. Rome sufferedeconomic problems. Trade slowed as raidersthreatened ships and caravans on sea and land.The economy suffered from inflation, a drasticdrop in the value of money and a rise in prices.Food supplies also dropped as tired soil, warfare,and high taxes cut the amount of grain and otherfoods produced on farms.
The empire also had military problems. Germantribes caused trouble on the frontiers. Persiansdefeated the Romans in A.D. 260 and captured theemperor. Roman soldiers could no longer be counted on. Instead, mercenaries—soldiers who
fight for money—had to be hired. At the same time,Roman generals fought one another for control ofthe empire.
1. What economic problems did Rome face?
Emperors Attempt Reform(pages 174–175)
What changes did the emperorsmake?Diocletian took the throne as emperor in 284. Hepassed many new laws to try to fix the economy. Hetried to restore the status of the emperor by naming
Skillbuilder1. What was the immediate cause of the fall of the
Roman Empire?2. Which of the social factors do you think was most
important? Why?
himself a son of the chief Roman god. He evendivided the empire into eastern and western halvesto make it easier to govern.
Constantine continued many of these changes.He became emperor of both halves of the empirein 324. A few years later, Constantine moved thecapital of the empire to a new city in northwesternTurkey where Europe and Asia meet. The city wasByzantium. It was given a new name—Constantinople, the city of Constantine.
2. Who was Constantine?
The Western Empire Crumbles(pages 175–176)
Who overran Rome?Reforms delayed the end of the Roman Empirebut could not prevent its fall. The eastern part of
the empire remained strong and unified. But trou-bles continued in the west. Germanic tribes movedinto the empire. They were trying to escape fromthe Huns, fierce nomadic people from central Asia,who were moving into their land.
The Roman armies in the west collapsed.German armies twice entered Rome itself. In 408Visigoths led by their king, Alaric, put the cityunder siege. In 444, the Huns united under a pow-erful chieftain named Attila. Attila and his armiesterrorized both halves of the empire.
The invasions continued after Attila’s death.The Germans had arrived for good. By 476German peoples controlled many areas of Europe.That year a German general removed the last west-ern Roman emperor from the throne.
3. What role did Attila play in the collapse of Rome?
Political• Political office seen as
burden, not reward
• Military interference in politics
• Civil war and unrest
• Division of empire
• Moving of capital toByzantium
Multiple Causes: Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Contributing Factors
Invasion by Germanic tribes and by Huns
FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE
Immediate Cause
Social• Decline in interest in
public affairs
• Low confidence inempire
• Disloyalty, lack ofpatriotism, corruption
• Contrast between richand poor
• Decline in populationdue to disease andfood shortage
Economic• Poor harvests
• Disruption of trade
• No more war plunder
• Gold and silver drain
• Inflation
• Crushing tax burden
• Widening gap between richand poor and increasinglyimpoverished WesternEmpire
Military• Threat from northern
European tribes
• Low funds for defense
• Problems recruitingRoman citizens;recruiting of non-Romans
Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________
CHAPTER 6 Section 5 (pages 178–183)
BEFORE YOU READIn the last section, you read about the fall of Rome. In thissection, you will learn about the contributions of Rome toWestern civilization.
AS YOU READUse the web below to take notes on Rome's influence onthe western world.
TERMS AND NAMESGreco-Roman culture Culturedeveloped from the blending ofGreek, Hellenistic, and RomanculturesPompeii Roman town covered by theeruption of Mount VesuviusVirgil Roman poet who wrote theAeneidTacitus Roman historian whorecorded the good and bad ofimperial Romeaqueduct Pipeline or channel built tocarry water
Rome and the Roots ofWestern Civilization
The Legacy of Greco-RomanCivilization (pages 178–181)
What is Greco-Roman culture?Rome took aspects of Greek and Hellenistic
culture and added ideas of its own. The mixing ofGreek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture produced anew culture called Greco-Roman culture. This isalso often called classical civilization.
Roman artists, philosophers, and writers did notjust copy Greek works. They created a style of theirown for their own purposes. Much of Roman arthad practical purposes. It was aimed at educatingthe public.
One example of the mixing of cultures occurredin sculpture. Romans borrowed Greek ideas butmade their sculptures more realistic. The Romansalso developed a kind of sculpture in which imagesstood out from a flat background.
Romans were skilled at creating pictures madefrom tiny tiles, a process called mosaic. ButRomans were perhaps most skilled at painting. Thebest examples of Roman painting are found in theRoman town of Pompeii. Pompeii was coveredwith ash after a volcanic eruption. The ash pre-served many works of art and culture.
In both literature and philosophy, Romans wereinspired by the Greeks. The poet Virgil wrote the
most famous work of Latin literature, the Aeneid.It was modeled on the Greek epics of Homer.
The Romans also produced some important his-tories. Tacitus is an important Roman historian.Among ancient historians, he is known for present-ing accurate facts. He described the good and badparts of imperial Rome in his Annals and Histories.
1. Name three Roman cultural achievements.
The Legacy of Rome (pages 181–183)
What were Rome’s most majorcontributions to Western culture?The Roman language, Latin, was important inEuropean history. It was the official language ofthe Roman Catholic Church into the 20th century.Many European languages developed from Latin,including French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian,and Romanian. And many Latin words are used inother languages, including English.
Romans also became famous for their skill atengineering. They used arches and domes to buildlarge, impressive buildings. Many of these formsare still used today. They also built an excellent sys-tem of roads and several aqueducts. Aqueducts
carried water from distant lakes or rivers to largecities.
But Rome’s most lasting influence was in thefield of law. The Roman government set standardsof law that still influence people today. Some of themost important principles of Roman law were:
• All persons had the right to equal treatmentunder the law.
• A person was considered innocent until provenguilty.
• The burden of proof rested with the accuserrather than the accused.
• A person should be punished only for actions,not for thoughts.
• Any law that seemed unreasonable or unfaircould be set aside.
2. What important standards of law were set by the Romans?
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Name ____________________________________________________ Date _____________________
CHAPTER
6SECTION QUIZ The Roman Republic
Section 1
A. Terms and Names Write the letter of the term or name that matches the description.A term or name may be used more than once or not at all.
a. republicb. Latinsc. Etruscansd. Greekse. patriciansf. plebiansg. tribuneh. consul
i. senatorj. dictatork. legionl. Hannibal
m. Tarquin the Proudn. provinceo. Scipio
______ 1. In the early Roman republic, this was someone whose power was absolute butwhose time in office was limited to a six-month period.
______ 2. This is one of two officials who shared the powers of ruling the republic andwhose time in office was limited to one year.
______ 3. These are the people who first settled the land on the bend of the Tiber Riverthat was to become Rome.
______ 4. These people gave the Romans their alphabet and their knowledge ofarchitecture, including the arch.
______ 5. These were the wealthy, aristocratic landowners who held most of the powerin the early republic.
______ 6. This person led a force of more than 50,000 soldiers and 60 elephants acrossthe Alps to invade Italy.
______ 7. This group established colonies in southern Italy and Sicily and interactedwith the early Romans.
______ 8. This was a military division of the Roman army.
______ 9. This was someone elected to represent the lower class of Roman citizens.
______ 10. These people were the common farmers, merchants, workers, and artisans thatmade up the majority of Roman citizens.
______ 11. This was someone chosen to represent the upper class of Roman citizens.
______ 12. This person was a daring Roman general during the Second Punic War.
B. Extended Response Briefly answer the following question on the back of this paper.
What do you think is the most significant difference between the Roman republic andthat of the United States today? Explain why this is an important difference.
Name ____________________________________________________ Date _____________________
CHAPTER
6SECTION QUIZ The Roman Empire
Section 2
A. Terms and Names On the blank to the left of each statement, write the letters of theterms or names that best complete the statement. A term or name may be used morethan once or not all.
a. Julius Caesarb. Ciceroc. Octaviand. Mark Antonye. Augustusf. Cleopatra
g. Pompeyh. Pax Romanai. Triumviratej. absolute rulerk. gladiatorsl. paterfamilias
______ 1. The First __________ was a group of three rulers. Along with Crassus, theother two leaders were __________ and __________.
______ 2. After serving as consul for a year, __________ led his troops in conqueringGaul. His great popularity was a source of concern to __________, whomanaged to have him ordered back to Rome.
______ 3. For the next several years, the armies of these two generals fought in variousparts of the world. was victorious in these conflicts and had himself appointeddictator.
______ 4. On the Ides of March, March 15, 44 B.C., __________ was assassinated in theSenate by a group of conspirators.
______ 5. The Second __________ was made up of three of Caesars�s supporters:Lepidus, __________ , and __________. They would rule for ten years.
______ 6. Later, __________ forced Lepidus to retire. Then he defeated the combinedarmies of __________ and __________.
______ 7. Eventually, __________ accepted the title of __________, which means�exalted one.�
______ 8. Under the rule of __________ as emperor, Rome entered a 200-year period ofpeace and great prosperity known as the __________.
______ 9. Slaves had few of the benefits of this prosperity. All were victims of theirowners� whims. Some, called __________, were forced to battle to the deathbefore an arena full of eager spectators.
B. Extended Response Briefly answer the following question on the back of this paper.
Why were the Romans so often unable to peacefully transfer power from one emperorto the next, and what kinds of problems did this cause?
Name ____________________________________________________ Date _____________________
CHAPTER
6SECTION QUIZ Rome and the Roots of Western
CivilizationSection 5
A. Terms and Names Write the letter of the best answer.
______ 1. The people of the Roman town of Pompeii were killed bya. a flood.b. a volcano.c. an earthquake.d. a Hun invasion.
______ 2. The great Roman epic, the Aeneid, was written bya. Ovid.b. Horace.
c. Virgil.d. Tacitus.
______ 3. The accurate histories of Rome, Annals and Histories, were written bya. Livy.b. Tacitus.
c. Ovid.d. Vespasian.
______ 4. The family of languages that developed from Latin are calleda. Derived languages.b. Classical languages.c. Romance languages.d. Greco-Roman languages.
______ 5. The design of the Roman aqueducts made significant use of the architecturalstructure of the
a. arch.b. turret.
c. dome.d. trapdoor.
______ 6. The art form called bas-relief is a type ofa. mosaic.b. engraving.
c. painting.d. sculpture.
______ 7. Which of the following was an important principle of Roman law?a. A person is innocent until proven guilty.b. Property could not be seized without just cause.c. All citizens have the right to freedom of religion.d. All citizens have the right to freedom of speech.
B. Extended Response Briefly answer the following question on the back of this paper.
How would you define what is meant by Greco-Roman culture, and what are someelements of this culture?
