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Chapter 6
Weather, Climate, and Biomes
Driving Question
What’s the difference between weather and climate?
Physical properties of the troposphere of an area based on analysis of its weather records over a long period (at least 30 years). The two main factors determining an area's climate are temperature, with its seasonal variations, and the amount and distribution of precipitation.
Short-term changes in the temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloud cover, wind direction and speed, and other conditions in the troposphere at a given place and time. Result of interactions between high and low pressure air masses.
Summarize how warm fronts, cold fronts, high-pressure air masses, and low-pressure air masses effect weather
Fronts: Air masses with different temperatures moving into one another
Cold fronts force warm air to rise and condense forming thunderheads
Warm fronts have warm air moving over cold air - as air rises moisture condenses to eventually form clouds ( warm moist front could lead to many cloudy rainy days)
Figure 6-2Page 111
Coolair mass
Warm air mass
Cool air mass
Anvil top
Warm air mass
High Pressure
Cool dense air moves toward the ground and warms up
= nice weather
Low Pressure
Warm air moves toward the lower pressure center of the low and then rises, cools and moisture condenses, forming clouds and perhaps precipitation.
Moist surface warmed by sun
Flows toward low pressure,picks up moisture and heat
Warm,dry air
Hot, wetair
Falls, is compressed, warms Rises, expands, cools
Heat releasedradiates to space
LOWPRESSURE
HIGHPRESSURE
Cool, dryair
Condensationand
precipitation
HIGHPRESSURE
HIGHPRESSURE
LOWPRESSURE
LOWPRESSURE
Figure 6-10 Page 117
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Driving question 2
What are five different factors which contribute to global air-circulation patterns
1. Uneven heating of the earth’s surface
2. Seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation
3. Rotation of the earth on its axis
4. Long-term variations in the amount of solar energy striking the earth
5. Properties of air and water
Initial pattern of air circulation
Deflections in the paths of air flownear the earth’s surface
30°S
Easterlies
Westerlies
Southeasttradewinds
(Doldrums)
Northeasttradewinds
Westerlies(from the west)
Easterlies(from the east)
60°S
equator
30°N
60°N
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Cell 3 South
Cold,dry air falls
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 2 South
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 1 South
Moistair rises,cools, andreleasesmoistureas rain
Cell 1 North
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 2 North
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 3 NorthCold,dry airfalls
Polar cap
Arctic tundra
60°
30°
0°
30°
60°
Polar cap
Evergreenconiferous forest
Temperate deciduousforest and grassland
Desert
Tropical deciduous forest
EquatorTropical rain forest
Tropical deciduous forest
DesertTemperate deciduousforest and grassland
Figure 6-11Page 118
Driving Question 3
How do ocean currents generally redistribute heat?
Figure 6-12Page 118Warm
current Coolair
Convectioncell
Coolcurrent
Warmair
Equator
Solarradiation
Warmwater
Warmcurrent
Polarfront
Coolcurrent
Coldwater
Polar (ice)
Subarctic (snow)
Cool temperate
Warm temperate
Dry
Tropical
Highland
Major upwelling zones
Warm ocean current
Cold ocean current
River
Figure 6-7Page 116
Driving Question 4
Describe an upwelling and how it might be affected by an El Nino-Southern Oscillation.
Wind
Movement ofsurface water
Diving birds
Nutrients
Upwelling
Fish
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Figure 6-13Page 119
Normal Conditions
Cold water
Warm water
Thermocline
SOUTHAMERICA
Warm waterspushed westward
AUSTRALIA
EQUATOR
Surface windsblow westward
Figure 6-14 (1)Page 119
El Niño Conditions
Cold water
Thermocline
Warm waterWarm water deepens offSouth America
SOUTHAMERICA
Warm waterflow stoppedor reversed
AUSTRALIA
EQUATOR
Drought inAustralia andSoutheast Asia
Winds weaken,causing updraftsand storms
Figure 6-14 (2)Page 119
NOAA
Youtube 1
Youtube 2
Annimation
NOAA – El Nino, La Nina
El Niño
Unusually warm periods
Unusually high rainfall
Drought
Figure 6-15Page 120
Driving Question 6
Describe the general effects of the following microclimates: windward and leeward sides of a mountain, forests, cities
a Winds carrymoisture inland
from Pacific Ocean
b Clouds, rain onwindward side ofmountain range
c Rain shadow onleeward side ofmountain range
Moist habitats
Dry habitats
Figure 6-18Page 122
Cool airdescends
Land warmer thansea; breeze flowsonshore
Warm air ascends
Figure 6-19 (1)Page 122
Warm air ascends Land cooler than
sea; breeze flowsoffshore
Cool airdescends
Figure 6-19 (2)Page 122
Figure 6-22Page 124
MountainIce and snow
Altitude
Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)
ConiferousForest
Tropical Forest
DeciduousForest
Tropical Forest
DeciduousForest
ConiferousForest
Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)
Polar iceand snow
Latitude
Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)
Temperate grassland
Temperate deciduous forest
Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferousforest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)
Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)
Tropical savanna,thorn forest
Tropical scrub forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Tropical rain forest,tropical evergreen forest
Desert
Ice
Mountains(complex zonation)
Semidesert,arid grassland
Tropic ofCapricorn
Equator
Tropic ofCancer
Figure 6-20Page 123
The following material is your responsibility.
Objective 7
7. Describe how climate affects the distribution of plant life on Earth. Draw connections between biomes and the following plants, which are particularly adapted for different biomes: succulent plants, broadleaf evergreen plants, broadleaf deciduous plants, coniferous evergreen plants.
Figure 6-35Page 136
Temperate coniferous forests Temperate deciduous forests Tropical rain forests
Objective 8
8. Compare the climate and adaptations of plants and animals in deserts, grasslands, and forests. Describe the distinctive qualities of a chaparral ecosystem. Be sure to distinguish among the three major kinds of forests.
Objective 9
9. Compare the biodiversity and stratification in the three major kinds of forests.
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Fungi
Bacteria
Golden eagle
Prairiedog
Blue stemgrassBlue stemgrass
CoyoteCoyote
GrasshopperGrasshopper
GrasshoppersparrowGrasshoppersparrow
Pronghorn antelopePronghorn antelope
PrairieconeflowerPrairieconeflower
Figure 6-30Page 131
Producer toprimaryconsumer
Primary to secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All consumersand producers to decomposers
Lemming
Arcticfox
Horned lark
Mosquito
Grizzly bear
Long-tailed jaeger
Caribou
Willow ptarmiganWillow ptarmigan
Snowy owlSnowy owl
Dwarf willowDwarf willow
Mountain cranberryMountain cranberry
Moss campionMoss campion
Figure 6-32Page 133
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Fungi
Bacteria
Bromeliad
Ants
Tree frog
Green tree snake
Katydid
Climbingmonstera palm
Squirrelmonkeys
Blue andgold macaw
Harpyeagle
Ocelot
Slaty-tailedtrogon
Slaty-tailedtrogon
Figure 6-34Page 135
Harpyeagle
Tocotoucan
Woolyopossum
Braziliantapir
Black-crownedantpitta
Shrublayer
Canopy
Emergentlayer
UnderstoryUnderstory
GroundlayerGroundlayer
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45H
eigh
t (m
eter
s)
Figure 6-37 Page 137
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Bacteria
Fungi
Wood frog
Racer
Shagbark hickory
White-taileddeer
White-footedmouse
White oak
Graysquirrel
Hairywoodpecker
Broad-wingedhawk
Long-tailedweaselLong-tailedweasel
May beetleMay beetle
MountainwinterberryMountainwinterberry
Metallic wood-boringbeetle and
Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae
Figure 6-38Page 138
Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Bacteria Bunchberry
Starflower
Fungi
Snowshoehare
Bebbwillow
Moose
Wolf
Balsam fir
Blue jay Greathornedowl
Greathornedowl
WhitespruceWhitespruce
Pine sawyer beetle and larvae
Pine sawyer beetle and larvae
MartenMarten
Figure 6-40Page 140
Objective 10
Describe how a mountain ecosystem is like an "island of biodiversity."