Chapter 7-4Cell Structure and

Function

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NucleolusNucleus

Nuclear envelope

Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)

Cell Membrane

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Centrioles

Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html

A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES

_______ ___________ ___________ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES

1. All living things are made of _____________.2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism

(= basic unit of __________)3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells

CELL THEORY CELL SIZE

___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

Cells

lifeexisting

PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLSCells __________ a _____________ ORORGANELLES surroundedby _______________

= ________________

WITHOUTNUCLEUS

MEMBRANES

Cells __________ a NUCLEUS ANDORGANELLES surroundedby MEMBRANES

= _________________

WITH

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/welcome.html

http://summit.k12.co.us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types.html

Bacterial Cell

CELL MEMBRANE(also called plasma membrane)

Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC

HYDROPHILIC

HYDROPHOBIC

Image by Riedell

Oil and water don’t mix!

Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORMScroll down to animation

CELL MEMBRANE

Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________(either inside or outside of cell)

Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________(can go part way in or all the way through)

PERIPHERAL

INTEGRAL

Recognize “self”

GLYCOPROTEINS

GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached

Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm

TRANSPORT PROTEINShelp move substances across the cell membrane

Animations from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif

http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif

More on this in Chapter 7-3

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Acts as a boundaryControls what enters and leaves cell

Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

Cell membranes MOVE!

Molecules in cell membranes are

constantly moving and changing

Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif

Click here to seeFluidityAnimation

CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell

membrane)

ORGANELLE-small structure with a specific function (job)

Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html

Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm

Organelles suspended in gel-like goo

HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ & NON-POLAR tails facing ________

CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)

Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________

MEMBRANE PROTEINS•____________________- stick on inside or outside surface•____________________- go part way or all the way through• _________________ - recognize “self” • _______________ PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane

Membranes are _________________________________(=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others

out ___________ what enters & leaves cell

Helps with _________________

__________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane

GLYCOPROTEINS

phospholipids proteins

BILAYER outin

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

cytoplasm

CONTROLS

FUNCTION:

HOMEOSTASIS

TRANSPORT

PERIPHERALINTEGRAL

NUCLEUS

Largest organelle

in animal cells

Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

NUCLEUS

Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

(also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)

DOUBLE MEMBRANE

Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF

NUCLEUS

NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleusImage from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

WHAT DOES IT DO?Contains genetic material (DNA)

DNA is spread out as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells

DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES

in dividing cells

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Control center of cell

Image from:

Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do

Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

NUCLEOLUS

Dark spot in nucleus = __________

Makes RNA for ribosomes

Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg

NUCLEOLUS

NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUSSurrounded by ______________ MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR __________________ ___________ CENTER OF CELL Nuclear ___________ allow molecules in & outCONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (_______)Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA)

DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells.DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells.

ENVELOPE

PORESCONTROL

DNA

RIBOSOMES

CHROMOSOMES

CHROMATIN

DOUBLE

CYTOSKELETON• Helps cell maintain shape

• Help move organelles around

Made of PROTEINS:

MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)

Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm

Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

CYTOSKELETONMade of PROTEINS called______________ & _________________

FUNCTION: ____________________________________________________________

MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS

Helps cell maintain shape; Support; Helps in movement

CENTRIOLES

Appear during cell division to guide chromosomes apart

CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE

Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)

Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

CENTRIOLESMICROTUBULES

ANIMAL

Made of __________________________

Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division

Function:__________________________________guide chromosomes apart;

MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA

)

Look like “little sausages”

Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg

MITOCHONDRIASurrounded by a

DOUBLE membrane

Folded inner membrane increases surface areafor more chemical reactions

Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe

Has its own DNA

MITOCHONDRIA

Come from cytoplasm in EGG

You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!

http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Burns glucose to release energy

Stores energy as ATP

“Powerplant of cell”

Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Image by: Riedell

MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA) Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ _______________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy released as ______

Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions)

DOUBLE

DNAPower plant

GLUCOSEATP

CRISTAE

RIBOSOMES

•Made of PROTEINS and RNA

•Protein factory for cellJoin amino acids to make proteins

Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg

Image by: RIedell

RIBOSOMES

Can be attached to Rough ER

OR

free in cytoplasm

Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

RIBOSOMESCan be __________________ or __________ to Rough ER

MADE OF ______________ & ________

FUNCTION: _____________________

FREE in cytoplasm ATTACHED

PROTEINS RNA

MAKE PROTEINS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

2 KINDS:SMOOTH or ROUGH

Network of hollow membrane tubules

Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)

Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell

Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

• Has RIBOSOMESattached

• Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported

Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth

ER)

• Has NO ribosomes attached

• Has enzymes for special tasks

Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth

ER)Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif

•Makes membrane lipids (steroids) •Regulates calcium (muscle cells) •Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER (with ribosomes) (no ribosomes)

Internal Network of ___________________ Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make _________________ which are modified and transported to Golgi for export

Smooth ER:

Makes membrane lipids (__________________) Regulates ________________ in muscles

Breaks down _________________ in liver

PROTEINS

STEROIDS

CALCIUM

TOXINS

MEMBRANES

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)• Pancake like

membrane stacks

Modify, sort, & packagemolecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell

Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h

Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h

Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu

Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html

See a Golgi movie

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)Looks like a “______________________”Made of ______________________

FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances from ER for ______________ or_______________ out of cell

stack of pancakesmembranes

exportstorage

It’s ALL connected!

LYSOSOMES

Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINScalled digestive enzymes

Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html

Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

LYSOSOMES

Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

See lysosomes in action:

LYSOSOMES

Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

See LYSOSOMEMOVIE

http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpghttp://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg

“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________APOPTOSIS

Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells

See animation

Apoptosis plays a role in:

Embryonic developmentNormal body cell

maintenance Immune system responses

CancerAIDS infectionTransplant rejection

http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm

LYSOSOMES

Sac containing _________________________

FUNCTION: Digests __________________________________

Plays a role in ____________“Programmed cell death”Cell suicide for the good of the organism

Digestive enzymes

food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts;

APOPTOSIS

FLAGELLA & CILIA

Made ofPROTEINS called MICROTUBULES

(9 + 2 arrangement)

Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg

FLAGELLA

Help in cell movement

CILIA

Move cell itself

Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

CILIA

Move substances past cells

http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe

CILIA•Many•short

FLAGELLA•Few•Long

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

CILIA & FLAGELLAMade of PROTEINS called _______________organized in a _________ arrangement that help with ___________________

CILIA =________ & __________

FUNCTION: ______________________

________________________________

FLAGELLA =______ & ________

FUNCTION: _________________

MICROTUBULES

9 + 2MOVEMENT

MANY SHORT

move cells; move substances past cells

FEW LONG

Move cells

WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?

• Cell wall

• HUGE vacuoles

• Chloroplasts

• No centrioles

Plant vs Animal cells

CELL WALLSupports and

protects cell

Outside of cell membrane

Made of carbohydrates & proteins

Plant cell walls are mainly _____________CELLULOSE

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg

CELL WALLFound OUTSIDE the ____________________Provides ____________ & ________________

___________________ makes plant cells sturdy Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________ instead.

Cell membrane

SUPPORT PROTECTION

CELLULOSE

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

VACUOLES

Storage space

Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif

http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif

VACUOLES

• Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste

Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLSNO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA

Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg

Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells

(HOMEOSTASIS)

1

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif

VACUOLESStorage space for: _______________Proteins, carbohydrates,

water, waste

Huge in __________cells , small in _____________ cells,Not in _________________

plantanimalbacteria

CHLOROPLASTS

• Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)

http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg

http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif

CHLOROPLASTS

• Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane

• Contains own DNA

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm

•Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis

CHLOROPLASTSurrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ _____________ =membrane sacs inside

Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens

FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

DOUBLE

DNATHYLAKOIDS

PLANT

Go to Section:

Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?

• Cell wall

• NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

• DNA is circular

• No membrane bound organelles

http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm See video

BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…

IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES

than plant cell walls!

_______________ NOT CELLULOSE!

More on this in Chapter 18!

Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

WHICH IS BIGGER?

_________ > _____________ > ___________Plant cell Animal cell bacteria

DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA

Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane

Nuclear membrane

Nuclear membrane

NO nuclear membrane

NO cell wall Cell wall made of

CELLULOSE

Cell wall made ofPEPTIDOGLYCAN

Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes

DNA in multiple chromosomes

DNA in multiple chromosomes

DNA is a single circular ring

CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON

Small vacuoles Really big vacuole

NO vacuoles

Has lysosomes Has lysosomes NO lysosomes

Has centrioles NO centrioles NO centrioles

NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts

SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST

BACTERIA arePROKARYOTES

PLANTS & ANIMALSare EUKARYOTES

No membrane bound organelles

Organelles with membranes

USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS

9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.

• Transportcell membranes, homeostasis

• Photosynthesis and respirationATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymesMitochondriaChloroplasts

LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa.

• Kingdoms

Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera

Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

Core High School Life SciencePerformance Descriptors

High school students performing at the

ADVANCED level:

predict the function of a given structure;

predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;

High school students performing at the

PROFICIENT level:

describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes)

describe the relationship between structure and function

explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;

High school students performing at the

BASIC level

name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes)

recognize that different structures perform different functions

identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code

define homeostasis;

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS

9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.

• Transportcell membranes, homeostasis

• Photosynthesis and respirationATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymesMitochondriaChloroplasts

LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things