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Chapter 7 Part I
Classical Conditioning
I. Behaviorism
A. Psychological perspectives in the early 1900’s revolved around the inner person.
1. Freud and the unconscious.2. Humanists and free will.3. Trait theorists and inner traits.
B. John B. Watson1. Thought that focusing on the inner characteristics was not truly
scientific. Could not be observed and/or measured.
2. Started studying behavior from the Pavlovian concept of learning.
3. He became the father of Behaviorism, which states that individuals’ personalities and behaviors are shaped
and conditioned by their environment through classical and operant(instrumental) conditioning.
1. Chapter 7 breaks the concept of behaviorism down to focus on how people do learn through conditioning and eventually internalize what they learn to become part of their “self”.
C. Learning and Associations
1. What is learning?A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental
process due to experience (nurture).2. What is association?
Mental connection between events and/or ideas.
Complete these sentences with the FIRST thought that springs to mind ...
I associate chocolate with? I associate tests with?I associate running with? I associate getting in trouble
with?
3. What is Associative Learning?
Learning that certain events occur together every time.a.Classical (Watson) – Two stimuli (events) are paired together and learning by association occurs.
• can opener/food
b.The most BASIC and earliest form of learning. Governed by the CEREBELLUM in the brain.
Pavlov
1. Our class experimentWhat is the “learned” behavior/response?a.What is the lemonade?b.What is the salivation?c.What is the word “Pavlov”?d.What is the salivation?e.How could this be generalized?f.How could you discriminate?g.How will this become extinct?h.When might spontaneous recovery occur?
UCS (first) ------------------> UCRlemonade powder salivation
CS(first)-----------------> UCS --------------------> UCRhearing “pavlov” lemonade salivation
CS -------------------> CRhearing “Pavlov” salivation
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning organism comes to associate two
stimuli a neutral stimulus that signals an
unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s device for recording salivation
Pavlov’s Classic ExperimentBefore Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring response
to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth
Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral
conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
Acquisition the initial stage in classical conditioning the phase associating a neutral
stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
CS must come BEFORE UCS Pavlov -- Lemonade Powder
Classical ConditioningUCS(passionate kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
CS(onionbreath)
CS(onion breath) CR
(sexualarousal)
UCS(passionate Kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
DVD/Cliphttp://vimeo.com/35754924
What is the “learned” behavior/response?
What is the UCS?What is the UCR?What is the CS?What is the CR?
Classical Conditioning
Extinction diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when
a UCS does not follow a CS behavior is “extinguished”
Classical Conditioning
Strengthof CR
Pause
Acquisition(CS+UCS)
Extinction(CS alone)
Extinction(CS alone)
Spontaneousrecovery ofCR
Extinction
If a stimulus is never reinforced, then the response will go away.
Generalization
A response can be generalized to other like stimuli.
Variations Within Classical Conditioning
After extinction, a response will suddenly reappear.
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization is a behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar one. (A baby will call Daddy “Dada.” When the baby sees any man, the baby calls out “Dada.”)
Discrimination is the reverse of generalization. Some stimuli have pleasant consequences and some do not. (A baby gradually learns that only one person responds with a smile when called “Dada.”)
Film
What do you learn about these learning theorists?
Cognitive Processes
Conditioning occurs best when the CS and UCS have just the sort of relationship that would lead a scientist to conclude that the CS causes the UCS. — even in classical conditioning, it is not only the simple stimulus-response association but also the thought that counts.
• Conditioning in advertising
Biological Predispositions
• John Garcia—Conditioned taste aversions
• Not all neutral stimuli can become conditioned stimuli.
• Internal stimuli—associate better with taste
• External stimuli—associate better with pain
• Biological preparedness
Nausea Conditioning in Cancer PatientsUCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
CS(waiting room)
CS(waitingroom) CR
(nausea)
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
Behaviorism
John B. Watson
viewed psychology as objective science generally agreed-upon
consensus today
recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes not universally accepted by all
schools of thought today
Watson & Raynor with Little Albert
Watson took a a baby named Albert and conditioned him to be afraid of white furry objects using Pavlov’s techniques.
Conditioned fear experiments such as Albert’s experience would never occur
today because of the existing ethical
standards.
Conditional Training: Albert and Peter
Mary Cover Jones used an early form of desensitization to prove that fears (phobias) could be unlearned.
Peter, a young boy, had an extreme fear of rabbits. Jones gave Peter his favorite food while slowly bringing the rabbit closer and closer. Eventually Peter no longer panicked around rabbits.
Mary Cover Jones