224 Chapter 7

left the United States during and after the war. Among them were severalthousand African Americans and Native Americans, including Mohawkchief Joseph Brant. Most of the Loyalists went to Canada. There they settlednew towns and provinces. They also brought English traditions to areas thatthe French had settled. To this day, Canada has both French and English asofficial languages.

The Revolution had been a civil war that left both Patriots and Loyalistswith bitter memories. Patriots found it especially difficult to forgive theformer American general Benedict Arnold. In 1780 Arnold had betrayed hiscountry by trying to turn over an American fort to the British. ThroughoutAmerican history, the name Benedict Arnold is used to mean traitor.

SUMMARIZE List some of the costs of the war.

The Treaty of ParisKEY QUESTION What did America gain most from the Treaty of Paris?

Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay began formal peace negotia-tions with the British on September 27, 1782. The final Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris, whichended the Revolutionary War, was signed on September 3, 1783.

PAYING FOR THE WARThe Continental Congress—our first national government—did not have the powerto tax; it asked for funds and then hoped that the states would pay. It did havethe power to borrow, however. Fighting the Revolutionary War cost America around$100 million, and by 1782, the new U.S. government was approximately $30 millionin debt. To fund the Continental Army, the United States borrowed money inseveral ways.

Do you think it’s a good idea for a modern government to borrow money? Why or why not?

CONNECT Economics and History

TREASURY NOTES

A treasury note states thegovernment’s promise to repay aspecified amount at a specifieddate. Notes were sold to patrioticinvestors and to foreign coun-tries such as France.

CERTIFICATES

Printed money, known as“certificates,” could be exchangedfor an amount of silver—if thegovernment had enough. This is howmany “regulars” (soldiers), farmers,and tradespeople were paid.

PERSONAL NOTES

Wealthy individuals, suchas Haym Salomon and RobertMorris—the country’s firstsuperintendent of finance—issuedpersonal notes (or loans) to paygovernment expenses.

Connect Todayto

Answer: An estimated27,000 Americans diedand abut 8,200 werewounded. Also, the warleft America with a debtof about $27 million.

224 • Chapter 7

DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION

CHAPTER 7 • SECTION 4

Teach The Treaty of Paris

Reader, Recorder, Reporter• What was the Treaty of Paris? (the peace

agreement that formally ended the Revolutionary War)

• Why do you think neither side fully met the terms outlined in the treaty? (Possible Answer: People on both sides were still angry about the war and may have felt that their country had been treated unfairly in the treaty.)

• Categorize How could you organize the terms of the Treaty of Paris into different categories? (Possible Answer: by listing terms that favor Britain and terms that favor America)

CONNECT Economics and History

PAYING FOR THE WAR Congress had few options when it came to paying off war debts. Rather than assessing Americans with a tax, the government elected to print more paper money. As a result, inflation rates rose, and the value of American currency dropped. Inflation caused America to be stuck with a currency worth little more than the paper it was printed on.

• Do you think printing more currency was a good way to solve the problem of paying down the war debt? (Possible Answers: Yes, the currency gave people a tangible return on the war; No, the currency was essentially worthless because there was so much of it in circulation.)

ANSWERConnect to Today Possible Answers: Yes—they have to get the money somewhere and borrowing it can help the lender if the debt is paid back with interest later; No—governments should not borrow money if they are unable or unwilling to pay it back to the lender.

Unit 3 Resource Book • Economics in History, p. 108

Gifted & Talented

Draw a Political Cartoon

Provide students with several examples of political cartoons. Discuss characteristics and ways political cartoonists convey information by using symbols. Then have students draw a political cartoon relating to the “Connecting Economics and History” feature on p. 224 in their textbooks. Post completed cartoons on a bulletin board in the classroom or hallway.

Struggling Readers

Write Benedict Arnold’s Epitaph

Supply students with articles and biographies about Benedict Arnold. Working in small groups, have students use the information to write an epitaph about him. Epitaphs should include details about Arnold’s role in the Revolutionary War and in the legacy that Arnold’s actions left on American society.

The American Revolution 225

Favorable Terms The Americans won favorable terms in the peace treaty:

• The United States was independent.• Its boundaries would be the Mississippi River on the west, Canada

on the north, and Spanish Florida on the south.• The United States would receive the right to fish off Canada’s

Atlantic Coast, near Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.• Each side would repay debts it owed the other.• The British would return any enslaved persons they had captured.• Congress would recommend that the states return any property they

had seized from Loyalists.

Neither Britain nor the United States fully lived up to the treaty’s terms.Americans did not repay the prewar debts they owed British merchants orreturn Loyalist property. The British did not return runaway slaves.

Boundary Disputes The Treaty of Paris led to boundary disputesdisputes, or dis-agreements, with Spain, who could now claim control of both banks of theMississippi river for over 100 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico. This Spanishcontrol threatened American shipping. In the northwest, the British refusedto give up military outpostsoutposts, or bases, in the Great Lakes area, such as FortDetroit.

COMPARING Prewar and Postwar Boundaries

Connect Geography History1. Place What was the southern limit of British territory in 1775?

2. Evaluate Which foreign nation benefited most from the Treaty of Paris?

PACIFICOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEAN

HudsonBay

Gulf of Mexico

80°W100°W110°W120°W

70°W

40°N

30°N

0

0 500 kilometers

500 miles

N

S

E

W

PACIFICOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEAN

HudsonBay

Gulf of Mexico

Claimed bySpain and

Russia

Claimed by U.S.and Great Britain

Claimed byU.S. and Spain

80°W100°W110°W120°W

70°W

40°N

30°N

0

0 500 kilometers

500 miles

N

S

E

W

Prewar Boundaries 1775 Postwar Boundaries 1783

British

French

Russian

Spanish

United States

DisputedTerritory

The American Revolution 225

DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION

CHAPTER 7 • SECTION 4

More About . . .

The Treaty of Paris

The surrender of General Cornwallis at the Battle of Yorktown on October 19, 1781, marked the end of the Revolutionary War. However, the Treaty of Paris did not go into effect until September 1783. During the time between those dates, hostilities continued in the South and on the frontier. Fed up with the constant fighting, King George III of Britain, in agreement with the American Congress, issued a Proclamation Declaring the Cessation of Arms in February of 1783. The proclamation, as agreed on and issued by the U.S. Congress in April, read, “. . . We hereby strictly Charge and Command all our Officers, both by Sea and Land, and others, Subjects of these United States, to Forbear all Acts of Hostility, either by Sea or by Land, against His Britannic Majesty or his Subjects, from and after the respective Times agreed upon.” The proclamation remained in effect until the signing of the Treaty of Paris formally ended the Revolutionary War.

COMPARING

PREWAR AND POSTWAR BOUNDARIESTell students that America’s allies in the war also gained land upon Britain’s defeat.

ANSWERS

1. Place Florida

2. Evaluate Spain

Unit 3 Resource Book • Connect Geography & History,

pp. 113–114

English Learners

Vocabulary: Idioms

Point out the sentence “Neither Britain nor the United States fully lived up to the treaty’s terms,” found on p. 225 in the pupil edition. Briefly discuss the meaning of the term idiom with students. Then ask students to identify the idiom in the sentence above. (lived up to) Have students rewrite the sentence, replacing the idiom with different words but without changing the meaning of the sentence. Ask volunteers to share their modified sentences.

Pre-AP

Design an Opinion Poll

Have students write a survey of ques-tions or issues about the Treaty of Paris.

• Students should first provide back-ground information about the treaty for potential participants.

• Then students should poll the par-ticipants by asking for their opinions about each issue listed on the survey.

• Have students tally the results and summarize their findings in a visual aid to share with the class.

Teacher’s Edition • 225