Date post: | 29-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | homer-garrison |
View: | 220 times |
Download: | 3 times |
Ethnicity is a sense of pride for peopleA link to ancestors, cultural traditions; food
and musicYour ethnic group has important measurable
diff. Ave. income, life expectancy, IMR
Ethnicity also shows discrimination in historyEither by or against another group
Ethnicity
3 questions to ask ourselvesTo what extent does discrimination persist
against minority ethnicities, especially African Americans and Hispanics?
Should preferences be given to minority ethnicities to correct past patterns of discrimination?
To what extent should the distinct cultural identity of ethnicities be encouraged or protected?
Controversy in the U.S.
Ethnicity: is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
Race: identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor
Comparison chart on my wiki
Lets clear this up
Guess what we’re interested in!?Where ethnicities are distributed across space
Tied to places bc ancestors were born and raised there
Cultural traits derive from part. Conditions and practices
Why ethnicities have distinct traits should now be fam. Derives from interplay with other groups and
isolationEthnicity is the strongest preserver of local
diversity Ethnicity is immutable
Alas…Where and Why!
DISTRIBUTION IN THE U.S. 2 largest ethnicities in the U.S.
Hispanic (Latino) 14% and African Americans(AA) 12%
CLUSTERINGWithin a region of a country and within a city Regionally AA=SEHispanics=SWAsian=WestNative Americans=SW/NW Plains
Where are Ethnicities Distributed
African-Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.
Hispanic Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.
Asian Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.
Native Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.
1/4 of all Americans live in cities…more than 1/2 of AA live in cities
Concentration differs in cities too Detroit: 1/10 MI total pop, more than 1/2 the
states AAChicago: 1/4 IL total pop, more than 1/2 the
states AAHispanic distribution is similar to AAClustering in neighborhoods
Once inhabited by European immigrantsMinorities then moved in
Concentration in Cities
Ethnicities in Chicago
Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.
Ethnicities in Los Angeles
Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.
3 Major flows have shaped current dist. of AA in U.S.“Immigration from” Africa to American
colonies: 18th C
“ ” Southern U.S. to N cities during 1st half of 20th C
“ ” Inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods during 2nd half of 20th C and 1st decade of 21st C
African American Migration Patterns
First Africans in U.S. Jamestown 1619Slave trade banned in U.S. 1808 Roughly 250K more brought in
Popularity of slavery started by Romans Feudal system replaces it in Europe
Slave trade diffuses to western hemisphere Spanish & Portuguese 16th CBrits, Danes, & French 17th C
All took advantage of superior weapons and coastal Africans
Forced Migration
African Source Areas for Slavery
Fig. 7.7: Europeans obtained African slaves mainly from the western coast of Africa. Arabs and others also obtained slaves from Eastern Africa.
Triangular Slave Trade
Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.
Triangle Slave Route: efficient trading patternEurope W Africa (Cloth for Slaves), W Africa
Caribbean (Slaves for Molasses/Sugar) Caribbean Europe w/ sugar and molasses
Addition of 13 colonies makes it a rectangle Deplorable transportation conditions Controversy in U.S. in 1800s
Emancipation proclamation/13th Amendment Sharecropper: work fields rented form a
landowner and pays rent by sharing crops
Forced Migration
Machinery reduces demand for labor in SIndustrial boom in the north is a pull factor 4 main routes taken
Carolinas/S Atlantic BTL, PHILA, & NY (Rt. 1) Bama/E Tenn Detroit (I-75)Miss/W Tenn St. Louis & Chicago (I-77)Texas Cali (I-10 & I-20)
Big moves before and after WWI & WWII Wars created jobs and jobs needed filled
Immigration North
African American Migration in the U.S., 20th century
Fig. 7-8: 20th century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.
Many AA moved to neighborhoods where AA already were est.
Cramming into tight quarters500K AA in 3 mile radius in Chicago250K AA in 1 mile radius in Baltimore
Slight expansion over the years
Expansion of the Ghetto
African Americans in Baltimore
Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.
Discouragement of spatial interaction Legal means, cultural preferences, or
discrimination Plessy v. Ferguson: Separate BUT equal…
“Jim Crow” Laws Separate schools, restaurants, hotels, etc.
Restrictions on selling homes to blacks
“Separate but Equal”
Brown v. Board of Education Separate but equal is unconstitutional
Rather than integrate, whites fledAnticipated black immigration to “white” areas
Blockbusting: convincing white homeowners living near black areas to sell homes at a low price
Segregation and inequality persists today
“White Flight”
Apartheid: physical separation of different races into different geographic regions
South Africa 4 races: Black, White, Colored, Asian
Living, working, schooling, shopping dependent on ^
Brits defeat the Dutch (Boers & Afrikaans) 1902
1948 Afrikaaners gain political powerRefused to give up power, created apartheid
Homelands 4 created homelands6 proposed
Division by Race in South Africa
Black “Homelands” in South Africa
Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.
Difference between ethnicity and nationality Nationality: identity w/ group of people
who share legal attachment & personal allegiance to a particular country
Ethnicity based on things like: religion, language, material culture
Nationality based on: voting, passport, civic duties
Ethnicities Nationalities?
Moroccan Student in US: dark skin=race, citizenship in Morocco=nationality, Islamic faith=ethnicity
19th C European immigrants, ethnicity not nationalityMost countries did not exist when they
migrated;Austrian-Hungarian, Russian, or Prussian
empiresImmigrants:ethnicity more important than
nationality
Ethnicities Nationalities?
Self-determination: ethnicities have the right to govern themselves Desire for self-rule is why ethnicities
nationalities Nation-state: state who’s territory
corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
Europe 19th CFall of Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman
EmpiresGerman National Socialists Denmark: Schleswig-Holstein, Faeroe Islands
Nation States
Nationalism Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a
nationalityMost states: mass media fosters nationalism Most countries have gov’t control over media
Flags, patriotic songs, holidays Nationalism through negative views of other
nationsCentripetal force: attitude that unifies ppl
and enhances support for a state Best way to achieve support: emphasize shared
attitudes
State that contains more than one ethnicity is multi-ethnic stateBelgium: Dutch-Flemish and French-Walloons
Multinational states: contain two+ ethnic groups w/ traditions of self-determination that agree to co-exist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities Relationships vary, some peaceful, some
dominant United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, N
IrelandUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Multinational States
Until its collapse, S.U.=largest multinational state
15 republics based on largest ethnicities The split of S.U. created 15 new countries
5 groups:3 Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania3 European: Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine5 Central Asian: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan 3 Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia, GeorgiaRussia
Former Soviet Unition
Republics of the Soviet Union
Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.
Republics of the Soviet Union
Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.
Republics of the Soviet Union
Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.
Russia recognizes 39 ethnicitiesMany want independence 20+% of country is non-Russian
ChechnyaBitterness towards Russia for S.U. dominanceDiscrimination against Russians in former
S.U. countries
Russia: Largest Multinational State
Ethnic Groups in Russia
Fig. 7-12: Russia officially recognizes 39 ethnic groups, or nationalities, which are concentrated in western and southern portions of the country.
Russian Soldiers in Chechnya
The Russian army has occupied and destroyed much of Chechnya in suppressing Chechen rebel groups.
Azeri’s: Turkish roots, independence w/ fall of S.U16M live in NW Iran (24% pop) Fragmented state: Armenia divides Nakhchivan
Armenian’s: Turkish roots, independence after WWI 1921Turk/Russ divide between 1991 regains independence
Conflict over land in Azerbaijan but inhabited by Armenians
Turmoil in the Caucasus
Ethnicities in the Caucasus
Fig. 7-13: The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.
Make sure you read up on:
Ethnicity and Communism
And
Rebirth of Nationalism in Eastern Europe
Skipping “Revival of Ethnic ID”
Ethiopia and Eritrea Fight over Eritrea independence (1961-91) Fights resume in 1998 over boarder dispute 2000 Ethiopia wins and takes disputed lands
Sudan Black Christians in S and Arab Muslims in N Muslim controlled gov’t wants a unified
Muslim Nat.Segregation laws and Darfur
Competition in the Horn of Africa
Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa
Fig. 7-14: There have been numerous inter-ethnic civil conflicts in the countries of the Horn of Africa (including the Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia).
Refugee Camp in Darfur, Sudan
Farmers from Darfur in western Sudan have been chased from their homes by agents of the Sudanese government.
Roughly the size and pop. of Connecticut Differences in religion:
Christians: 2/3=Maronite, 1/6=E Orthodox, 1/6=Greek Catholic
Muslims: 2/3=Shiite, 1/3=Sunni Druze= 7% total…combo of Islam and
Christianity 1947 Gov’t mandated each religion be
representedUnable to deal w/ social/econ. conditions
Civil war breaks out, each religion forms private armies
U.S. and Syrian intervention both fail
Ethnic Competition in Lebanon
Ethnicities in Lebanon
Fig. 7-15: Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and Druze are dominant in different areas of the country.
Ethnic cleansing: powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region. The remaining group is the sole inhabitant
ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA After WWI, “Yugoslavia” created to unite
ethnicities “ ” has 7 neighbors, 6 republics, 5
nationalities, 4 languages, 3 religions, 2 alphabets, and 1 dinar
Ethnic Cleansing
The Balkans in 1914
Fig. 7-20: The northern part of the Balkans was part of Austria-Hungary in 1914, while much of the south was part of the Ottoman Empire. The country of Yugoslavia was created after World War I.
7 neighbors: 3 democracies(Yugo)4 Communists
6 republics: B&H, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia, SloveniaRan their own national affairs
5 of the republics were named for their nationalities
4 languages: Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene
3 religions: Catholic (N), E Orthodox (E), Islam (S)
2 alphabets: Roman and Cyrillic 1 dinar: 1 unit of currency
Former Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was peaceful until the 80sBreaks up creating independent countries
B&H, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, and SerbiaOnce independent tensions rise over border
issues Problems for Bosnia & Herzegovina
Considered an ethnicity and not nationality Bosnian Muslims, Serbs, and Croats want to
join othersSerbs and Croats ethnic cleanse Bosnian
Muslims Croats/Muslims work together, Serbs
independent
Destruction of Multi-Ethnic Yugo
Languages in Southeastern Europe
Fig. 7-21: Several new states were created, and boundaries were shifted after World Wars I and II. New state boundaries often coincided with language areas.
Ethnic Regions in Yugoslavia
Fig. 7-22: Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.
After Yugoslavia broke up, Serbia remained multi-ethnicAlbanians made 90% of the pop.
Serbs moved N to Serbia leaving more Albanians
Serbia controlled Kosovo and began “cleansing”Forced 750K Albanians back to Albania
1999 US and NATO launch attacks on SerbiaUN took administrative duties in Kosovo
Cleansing Kosovo
Balkanization Balkanized: a small geographic area that
could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because of many ethnicities
Balkanization: the way a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities Leads to WWI
If peace comes to the Balkans, it could be through ethnic cleansing