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CHAPTER 8Acquiring, Processing, and Retaining Information
I. Acquiring Information
Learning Curves
Attention + motivation = rapid learning Engaged Chemicals in brain
Learning curve Gradual increase in retained material
I. Acquiring Information
Chemical Influences on Learning Stimulants increase learning
(too much is bad though) Depressants decrease learning
*State-dependent learning
I. Acquiring Information
Emotional Factors in learning Having emotion involved increases learning Increases brain activity
I. Acquiring Information
Transfer of Training: transfer knowledge to new situations Positive Transfer: two similar tasks
Use past task to help with new Negative Transfer: previously learned task
interferes with learning new task Old task interferes with the new
III. Information Processing Theory 3 stages information passes through
before it is stored Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory, Long
Term Memory Long Term is where encoding happens
III. Information Processing Theory Sensory Memory
Iconic Memory (some not all encoded) Short-Term (Working Memory)
Events encoded as visual, acoustic or semantic codes
Selective attention – we encode what we are attending to
Rehearsal, mnemonic devices encoding Long-Term
Unlimited capacity for memory Episodic, Semantic, Procedural
III. Retaining Information
Short & Long Term Memory Amnesia: blocking of older memories/loss
of new ones Serial position effect – order of items in a list
Sequence of Memory Loss Primacy and Recency effect
Primacy – remember the 1st things Recency – remember the last things
II. Info Processing Theory
Using a Schema: way of solving problems
Importance of Organizing Information Concepts Prototypes
II. Info Processing
Special Processes Elaboration: Making maximum number of
associations to a basic concept Easy retrieval Tie new information to old information
Example: New=REM, Old=Dream REM=Dream
II. Info Processing
Mnemonic Devices: memory aids Method of Loci: Remember spatial relationships Acronyms: ROY G. BIV Narrative Chaining: Make a story to remember
II. Info Processing
Principle Learning: learn basic idea Chunking: Arranging things into clusters or
chunks of information Spacing Effect: Retain more if you study a
little bit over a longer period of time
III. Retaining Information
Principles of Forgetting Forgetting: errors when trying to recall
memory The forgetting curve
Overlearning: learn it over and over and over >1 Reptition
“Oh Say Can You See _______”“Who Let the Dogs________”
III. Retaining Information
Recall & Recognition: Recall: ability to bring back and to integrate
many specific learned details Recognition: Ability to pick the correct
object or even from a lit of choices Tip of the tongue phenomenon
III. Retaining Information
Ebbinghaus – nonsense syllables Interference Theory: new/old information
conflict with each other
III. Retaining Information
Mechanisms of Memory Physical Change in synapse Chemicals increase with learning
Making connections faster Long Term Potentiation – strengthening neural
signals
III. Retaining Information
Unusual Types of Memory Photographic Memory (eidetic) Eye-witness Memory
Very defective Who Dunnit?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubNF9QNEQLA&feature=related
Fox News Eye Witness http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iav4n6X9jGo
Discovery Channel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSzPn9rsPcY&feature=relat
ed 60 Minutes
Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-SBTRLoPuo&feature=related
Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4V6aoYuDcg&feature=fvw
Works Cited
http://sportskate.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/sunglasses-coke-can1.jpg http://blog.masslive.com/elpueblolatino/2008/07/4%20diverse%20kids
%20smiling.jpg http://memory.uva.nl/memimprovement/eng/elaboration.htm http://coe.jmu.edu/LearningToolbox/images/homes.gif http://www.clipartguide.com/_named_clipart_images/0511-0906-2212-
2315_Black_and_White_Cartoon_of_a_Boy_Cramming_for_a_Test_clipart_image.jpg