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Chapter 8Articulations and
Movement
Articulations or Joints
• Articulation or Joint– Place where two bones come together – Freely moveable to limited to no
apparent movement– Structure correlated with movement
Classes of Joints
• Structural: Based on major connective tissue type that binds bones– Fibrous– Cartilaginous– Synovial
• Functional: Based on degree of motion– Synarthrosis: Nonmoveable– Amphiarthrosis: Slightly moveable– Diarthrosis: Freely moveable
Fibrous Joints
• Characteristics– United by fibrous
connective tissue– Have no joint cavity– Move little or none
• Types– Sutures– Syndesmoses– Gomphoses
Syndesmoses
• Bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments (holds bone to bone)
• Some movement may occur
Gomphoses
• Specialized joints• Pegs that fit into
sockets• Inflammations
– Gingivitis– Periodontal disease
Cartilaginous Joints
• Unite two bones by means of cartilage
• Types– Synchondroses
• Joined by hyaline• Little or no
movement
– Symphyses• Fibrocartilage
uniting two bones
Concept Check
1. What is articulation?-point of contact b/n two bones
2. What type of joint is gomphoses? symphyses?
-Fibrous Joint in jaw (holds teeth); Fibrous Joint
3. What is the difference b/n synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, & diarthorsis?
-non-moveable; slightly moveable, and freely moveable
Synovial Joints
• Allow considerable movement
• Most joints that unite bone of appendicular skeleton
• Complex– Articular cartilage and disks– Joint cavity and capsule– Synovial membrane and
fluid– Ligments and menisci
• Bursae– Pockets of synovial fluid
*reduces friction*– Bursitis
Types of Synovial Joints
• Plane or gliding• Saddle• Hinge• Pivot• Ball-and-socket• Ellipsoid
*See Table 8.2 pg. 247
Types of Synovial Joints
• Uniaxial-movement @ 1 axis & 1 plane
• Biaxial- 2 perpendicular axis & 2 perpendicular planes
• Multiaxial- 3 or more axes & 3 or more planes
Plane and Pivot Joints• Plane or Gliding Joints
– Monoaxial/Slight Movement
– Example: • Articular processes between
vertebrae (intervertebral)• Sacroiliac
• Pivot Joints– Monoaxial/Rotation– Example:
• Articulation between dens of axis and atlas
• Radius w/ ulna
Saddle and Hinge Joints• Saddle Joints
– Biaxial/Slight Movement– Example: Thumb
• Hinge Joints– Monoaxial– Example: Elbow, Knee– Multiaxial– Example:
• Ankle-One predominates
Ellipsoid and Ball-and-Socket Joints
• Ellipsoid– Modified ball-and-
socket– Biaxial– Example:
Atlantooccipital Joint
• Ball-and-Socket– Multiaxial– Examples: Shoulder
and Hip joints
Types of Movement
• Gliding• Angular
– Flexion and Extension• Hyperextension • Plantar and
Dorsiflexion
• Circular– Rotation– Pronation and
Supination– Circumduction
Flexion and ExtensionAnterior/Ventral
Posterior/Dorsal
Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
heel toes
Abduction and Adduction
“take away” “bring together”
Rotation and Pronation and Supination
“face down” “lying face up”
Circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction
Special Movements
• Unique to only one or two joints– Types
• Elevation and Depression• Protraction and Retraction• Inversion and Eversion
Elevation and Depressionsuperior inferior
Protraction and Retraction
anterior
posterior
Inversion and Eversion
medial lateral
Concept Check
• How are joints classified?– Structural; Degree of movement
• What type of joint makes up most of the appendicular skeleton?– Synovial Joints
• What components make up a synovial joint?– Synovial membrane, joint cavity, joint capsule,
articular cartilage, ligaments, tendons, menisci, bursae
Knee Joint
• Modified hinge joint• Menisci: Fibrocartilage articular disks
– Pad of cartilage b/n bone of a synovial joint– Cup-shaped for stability; cushion; guide; shock
absorber• Cruciate ligaments: ACL and PCL• Collateral ligaments: Fibular and tibial
Parts of the Knee• Bones: Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula
• Muscles: Quadriceps, Hamstrings
• Actions: Flexion, Extension
• Ligaments: – Anterior Cruciate: prevents forward movement of tibia (ACL)– Posterior Cruciate: prevents forward movement of femur (PCL)– Lateral Collateral- (Fibula) LCL– Medial Collateral- (Tibia) MCL
• Tendons: Patellar Tendon (Tibia)
• Cartilage (Fibrous Articular Cartilage):– Medial Meniscus- shock absorber– Lateral Meniscus- shock absorber
Knee Injuries and Disorders• Football injuries• Bursitis• Chondromalacia
– Softening of cartilage
• Hemarthrosis– Blood accumulation
w/n joint cavity– Acute; swollen knee
• “Water on the knee”– Slower accumulation
of fluid may be caused by bursitis
Other Knee Disorders• Osgood Schlatter- patellar tendon pulls
away from tibia causing fracture & new bone growth– Associated w/ younger athletes
• Unhappy Triad - MCL, ACL, & Medial Meniscus– Caused by posterior, lateral blow or hit
• Dislocated Patella- medial forced w/ slightly flexed knee– Patella flips over
• Bucket Handle Tear- meniscus tears & piece fills in cavity
Knee Repair
• Arthroscopy- using tools & camera to see inside of joint– Ligament of cartilage repair, doesn’t
need full open exposure to repair
• Arthroplasty- knee replacement– Diseased or damaged joint
Sprains/Strains
• Sprain- ligaments• Strain- muscle tendons
• 1st Degree- stretch• 2nd Degree- stretch & partial tear• 3rd Degree- complete tear
Joint Disorders
• Arthritis– Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear– Rheumatoid: Caused by transient infection or
autoimmune disease• Joint infections
– Lyme disease: Bacterial infection; Tick vector• Gout
– Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic; arising spontaneously - cause unknown)
Effects of Aging on Joints
• Tissue repair slows• Production of synovial fluid declines• Ligaments and tendons become less
flexible • Decrease in ROM (Range of Motion)
Concept Check
• What is the function of menisci?– Cup shaped to help with stability, cushion, & guide
the knee
• What is the difference b/n a ligament & a tendon?
– Ligaments connect bone to bone; Tendons connect muscle to bone
• What is the difference b/n arthroplasty arthroscopy?
– Arthroscopy: using tools/camera to see inside the joint; Arthoplasty: knee replacement