Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry

Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry

Section 1 – Properties of Carbon

Standards6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

Carbon Atoms and Bonding

Because of its unique ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

Forms of Pure Carbon

Diamond, graphite, fullerenes and nanotubes are four forms of the element carbon

Diamond – crystalline form of carbon in which each carbon atom is bonded strongly to four other carbon atoms Formed from high temps and pressure Melting point is more than 3500 C

Forms of Pure Carbon Graphite – each carbon atom is bonded tightly

to three other carbon atoms in flat layers Bonds are very weak “Lead” in pencils is mostly graphite

Forms of Pure Carbon

Fullerenes – consists of carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a hollow sphere Called buckyballs after an architect

Nanotube – carbon atoms are arranged in the shape of a long, hollow cylinder Tiny, light, flexible and extremely strong

Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry Section 2 – Carbon Compounds

Standards3.c – Students know atoms and molecules form solids by

building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers

6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

Organic Compounds Organic compounds – compounds that contain

carbon Many organic compounds have similar

properties in terms of melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity and solubility Many are gases at room temperature Many have a strong odor Many do not dissolve in water

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbon – compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water All hydrocarbons are flammable

Structure of Hydrocarbons The carbon chains in the hydrocarbon may be

straight, branched or ring-shaped Structural formula – shows the kind, number and

arrangement of atoms in a molecule Isomer – compounds that have the same chemical

formula but different structural formulas

C4H10C4H10

Structure of Hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbons – only single bonds, has maximum number a hydrogen atoms attached

Unsaturated hydrocarbons – has double or triple bonds, have fewer hydrogen than saturated hydrocarbons

Structure of Hydrocarbons Substituted hydrocarbon – atoms of other

elements replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon

Alcohol – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl groups hydroxyl group –OH

Organic acid – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups carboxyl group –COOH

Ester – compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid

Polymers Polymer – large molecule made of a chain

of many smaller molecules bonded together Monomer – smaller molecules that make up

polymers

Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry

Section 3 – Polymers and Composites

Standards3.c – Students know atoms and molecules form

solids by building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers

6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

Forming Polymers

Polymers form when chemical bonds link larger numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern

Polymers and Composites

Proteins – formed from smaller molecules called amino acids

Amino acid – a monomer that is a building block of proteins The properties of a protein depend on which amino

acids are used and in what order Examples – finger nails, spider web

Polymers and Composites Composites – combines two or more

substances in a new material with different properties

Many composite materials include one or more polymers Examples – fishing rods, snow boards

Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry Section 4 – Life with Carbon

Standards6.a – Students know that carbon, because of

its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

6.b – Students know that living organisms are made of molecules

Carbohydrates Carbohydrate – an energy-rich organic

compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Simple carbohydrate – the simplest carbs are sugars (glucose is in your body – C6H12O6)

Complex carbohydrate – a polymer made of smaller molecules that are simple carbs bonded to one another

Proteins Proteins – formed from

smaller molecules called amino acids

Amino acid – a monomer that is a building block of proteins

Each amino acid molecule has a carboxyl group (–COOH) and an amino group (–NH2) The body uses proteins from food to

build and repair body parts and to regulate cell activities

Lipids Lipids – energy-rich compounds made of

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and cholesterol

Gram for gram, lipids release twice as much energy in your body as do carbohydrates

Fatty acids – organic compound that is a monomer of a fat or oil

Cholesterol – a waxy lipid in animal cells

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids – very large organic molecules

made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus Two types – DNA and RNA

Elements that make up all living things… C – Carbon H – Hydrogen N – Nitrogen O – Oxygen P – Phosphorus S – Sulfur