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Chapter 8Chapter 8
Cell ReproductionCell Reproduction
In a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that is made up of DNA and
protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the
main ring of DNA
Chromosome
A type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells
but not prokaryotic cells
Histone
One of the two strands of a
chromosome that become visible
during meiosis or mitosis
Chromatid
The region of the chromosome that
holds the two sister chromatids together during
mitosis
Centromere
The material that makes up both mitotic
and interphase chromosomes; a
complex of proteins and DNA strands that are loosely coiled such
that translation and transcription can occur
Chromatin
One of the pair of chromosomes that
determines the sex of an individual
XX = FemaleXY = Male
Sex chromosome
Any chromosome that is not a sex
chromosome
Autosome
Chromosomes that have the same
sequence of genes, that have
the same structure, and that
pair during meiosis Homologous
chromosome
A micrograph of the array of chromosomes visible in a cell during
metaphase; a graphical display that shows an individual’s
chromosomes arranged in
homologous pairs and in order of diminishing
sizeKaryotype
A cell that contains two
haploid sets of chromosomes
Diploid
Describes a cell, nucleus, or
organism that has only one set of
unpaired chromosomes
Haploid
A form of asexual reproduction in
single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into
two cells of the same size
Binary Fission
In eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site
of cellular respiration, which
produces ATP
Mitosis
Reproduction that does not involve the
union of games and in which a single parent
produces offspring that are genetically
identical to the parent
Asexual Reproduction
A process in cell division during which the number
of chromosomes decreases to half the
original number by two divisions of the nucleus,
which results in the production of sex cells (gametes or spores)
Meiosis
A haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote
Gamete
A period between two mitotic or
meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies
its DNA, and synthesizes
proteinsInterphase
The division of the cytoplasm of a
cell; cytokinesis follows the
division of the cell’s nucleus by
mitosis or meiosisCytokinesis
The first stage of mitosis and meiosis in
cell division; characterized by the condensation of the
chromosomes and the dissolution of the nuclear envelope
Prophase
One of the microtubules that extend across a
dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the
movement of chromosomes
Spindle fiber
One of the stages of mitosis and
meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes
move to the cell’s equator
Metaphase
A phase of mitosis and meiosis in
which the chromosomes
separate
Anaphase
The final stage of mitosis or meiosis,
during which a nuclear membrane forms around each
set of new chromosomes
Telophase
The precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and
divides a cell into two
Cell Plate
The pairing of homologous
chromosomes during meiosis
Synapsis
The four chromatids in a pair of
homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis
during meiosis
Tetrad
The exchange of genetic material
between homologous
chromosomes during meiosis;
can result in genetic
recombinationCrossing-over
The regrouping of genes in an
offspring that results in a
genetic makeup that is different from that of the
parentsGenetic Recombination
The random distribution of the pairs of genes on
different chromosomes to
the gametes
Independent Assortment
The process by which male
gametes form
Spermatogenesis
The production, growth, and
maturation of an egg, or ovum
Oogenesis
Describes a molecule with
opposite charges on opposite ends
Polar body
Reproduction in which gametes
from two parents unite
Sexual Reproduction