Chapter 8 Lecture Health: The Basics Tenth Edition Drinking Alcohol Responsibly and Ending Tobacco...

Chapter 8 Lecture

Health: The BasicsTenth Edition

Drinking Alcohol Responsibly andEnding Tobacco Use

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Alcohol and College Students

• Approximately 59.8% of students report having consumed an alcoholic beverage in the past 30 days.

• Of college students, 44% engage in binge drinking. • Binge drinking- a pattern of drinking alcohol that

brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08.• Alcohol use among college students disrupts sleep,

decreases alertness, and may affect academic performance.

• The average college student spends about $900 on alcohol each year.


High-Risk Drinking and College Students

• Alcohol consumption is the number one cause of preventable death among undergraduate students.

• Alcohol exacerbates risk for suicide, automobile crashes, and falls.

• Customs and traditions encourage dangerous practices and patterns of alcohol use.

• Advertising and promotions target college students.• College students are more likely to drink recklessly.• Students are vulnerable to peer influence.• Administrators often deny a problem exists.


The Chemistry and Potency of Alcohol

• Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol– The intoxicating substance in all alcoholic beverages

• Fermentation Process – Yeast organisms break down sugar.

• Distillation – Alcohol vapors are released from the mash at high

temperatures.

• Proof – Measure of the percent alcohol

• 80 proof whiskey = 40% alcohol


What Is a Standard Drink?

Standard Drink- is any drink that contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol.

The actual size of a standard drink depends on the proof.


Absorption and Metabolism

• About 20% of absorption occurs in the stomach.

• About 80% of absorption occurs in the small intestine.

• Factors that influence absorption– Concentration of the drink – Amount consumed– Food in the stomach– Mood– Weight and body mass


Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)

• Ratio of alcohol to total blood volume• The legal limit for BAC is 0.08%.• Both breath analysis (breathalyzer tests)

and urinalysis are used to determine whether an individual is legally intoxicated, but blood tests are more accurate.

• Learned behavioral tolerance—though BAC may be quite high, the individual has learned to modify his behavior to appear sober.


Alcohol and Your Health

• Short Term Effects of Alcohol– Dehydration– Hangover– Alcohol and injuries– Alcohol and sexual decision making– Alcohol poisoning

Alcohol and Your Health

• Long Term Effects– Effects on Nervous System– Cardiovascular Effects– Liver Disease– Cancer


Effects of Alcohol on the Body and Health


Drinking and Driving

• Thirty-two percent of all traffic fatalities in 2008 were alcohol related.

• Many college students drink and drive.• In 2009, there were 10,839 alcohol-impaired

driving fatalities in the United States.– This represents one alcohol-related fatality every 45

minutes.

• The likelihood of a driver being involved in a fatal crash rises significantly with a BAC of 0.05% and even more rapidly after 0.08%.


Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

• Alcohol use becomes alcohol abuse when it interferes with work, school, or social and family relationships or when it entails law violations, including DUI.

• Alcoholism or alcohol dependence occurs when alcohol use is so severe that stopping alcohol results in withdrawal symptoms.

• Identifying an Alcoholic– Craving, loss of control, tolerance, psychological dependence,

and withdrawal symptoms must be present to qualify a drinker as an addict.

– About 15% of people in the United States are problem drinkers.– One study shows that 19% of college students meet the criteria

for alcohol abuse or dependence.


Alcohol and Prescription Drug Abuse

• Young adults aged 18 to 24 are at most risk for concurrent or simultaneous abuse of both alcohol and drugs.

• Alcohol and prescription drugs taken together can cause– Alcohol poisoning– Unconsciousness– Respiratory depression– Death

• Opioids, stimulants, sedatives, and sleeping aids are most often combined with alcohol.


Tobacco Use in the United States

• Nearly 443,000 Americans die annually of tobacco-related diseases.

• Another 10 million suffer tobacco-induced health disorders.

• Tobacco causes about 25 diseases, and about half of all regular smokers die of smoking-related diseases.


Tobacco and Its Effects

• Nicotine– Highly addictive, psychoactive substance– CNS stimulant

• Tar and Carbon Monoxide– Tar is the carcinogenic particulate matter.– Nicotine paralyzes cilia, which become unable to clear

out tar.– Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas that reduces the

oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells.

• Tobacco Addiction– Nicotine poisoning


Tobacco Products

• Cigarettes– Switching to low-tar or low-nicotine is self-

defeating because the smoker may smoke more.

– Clove cigarettes contain 60% tobacco.

• Cigars– Contain 23 poisons and 43 carcinogens.

• Smokeless tobacco– Chewing tobacco– Snuff


Health Hazards of Tobacco Products - Cancer• Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death.• It can take 10-30 years to develop and most cases are

not diagnosed until the cancer has spread. – Five year survival rate is only 16%.

• Smoking just one cigar a day can double the risk of oral cancers.

• Chewing tobacco is responsible for 75% of new oral cancers.– Warning signs include lumps in the jaw or neck, color changes

or lumps inside the lips, white smooth or scaly patches in the mouth or neck, lips or tongue; a red spot or sore on the lips, gums, or inside the mouth that does not heal in 2 weeks.

• Other tobacco-induced cancers: pancreatic, kidney, bladder, lip, tongue, esophagus, and larynx


Effects of Smoking on the Body and Health


Health Hazards of Tobacco Products – Cardiovascular Disease

• Smokers have a 70% higher death rate from heart disease than do non-smokers.

• Daily cigar smoking doubles the risk of heart attack and stroke.

• Bidi smokers are at the same risk.

• Smokers are twice as likely to suffer strokes.

• Quitting reduces risk by half after only 1 year.


Other Health Hazards of Tobacco Products

• Respiratory Disorders– Chronic bronchitis– Emphysema

• Sexual Dysfunction and Fertility Problems– Males are twice as likely to suffer impotence as are

females.– Women are likely to suffer infertility and problems with

pregnancy.

• Other Health Effects– Gum disease, macular degeneration, premature skin

wrinkling, and risk of Alzheimer's disease– Metabolism of drugs affected


Environmental Tobacco Smoke

• Mainstream—smoke drawn through tobacco while inhaling

• Sidestream—smoke from the burning end of a cigarette or smoke exhaled by a smoker– Contains twice as much tar and nicotine, 5 times

more carbon monoxide, and 50 times more ammonia than mainstream smoke.

– Causes more deaths a year than any other environmental pollutant.

• Every year, ETS is estimated to be responsible for 3,400 lung cancer deaths, 46,000 coronary and heart disease deaths, and 430 SIDs deaths in newborns.


Proposed New Cigarette Product Warning Labels


Quitting Smoking

• Breaking the Nicotine Addiction– Seventy percent attempt to quit a year– Only between 4 and 7% succeed

• Nicotine Replacement Products– Nicotine chewing gum– Nicotine patch– Nicotine nasal spray– Nicotine inhaler– Nicotine lozenges



When Smokers Quit


Quitting Smoking

• Breaking the Smoking Habit– Operant conditioning– Self-control therapy

• Benefits of Quitting– Many tissues will repair themselves, according to

the American Cancer Society.– Gain more energy, sleep better, and feel more

alert– Women less likely to bear babies with low birth

weight– Can save about $1,991.92 per year

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Chapter 8 Lecture Health: The Basics Tenth Edition Drinking Alcohol Responsibly and Ending Tobacco...

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