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BIOLOGY TUTORIAL WORKSHEET

CHAPTER 8 : REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT

SUBTOPIC : 8.1. Types of reproduction

8.2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a) Define sexual and asexual reproduction

b) State the general structures and functions of the reproductive organs in flowering plants

c) Describe the development of a pollen grain and the formation of male gamete

d) Describe the development of ovule, embryo sac and formation of female gamete

e) Explain double fertilization in the formation of seed

PART A : MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1. FIGURE 1 represents various processes associated with reproduction. Asexual reproduction is represented by

FIGURE 1

A. A only C. B only

B. A and C D. B and D

2. Which of the statements is incorrect about methods of asexual reproduction? A. Budding – an organism develops an outgrowth of the parent body. B. Binary fission – division of the organism into two similar parts C. Regeneration – regrowth of lost body parts.

D. Parthenogenesis – an egg cell develops after fertilization.

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Diagram below shows a scheme of embryo sac development of a flowering plant.

3. What are represented by W, X and Y in the scheme above?

W X Y A. Meiosis Mitosis Eight haploid nuclei

B. Meiosis Mitosis Four haploid nuclei

C. Mitosis Meiosis Eight haploid nuclei

D. Meiosis Meiosis Four haploid nuclei

4. In angiosperms, sperms are formed by A. meiosis in the anther. B. meiosis in the pollen grain.

C. mitosis in the anther. D. mitosis in the pollen tube.

5. In angiosperms, meiosis occurs in the _________________________, producing a spore that develops into a female gametophyte.

A. anther B. seed C. ovary D. fruit

6. Which of the following undergoes meiosis in the development of pollen grains?

A. Microspore

B. Megaspore

C. Megaspore mother cell

D. Microspore mother cell

One megaspore mother cell

4 cells

Megaspores

Antipodal cell / Synergid cell / Polar nuclei / Egg cell

W

X

Y

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7. Which statement about the megasporocyte is TRUE?

A. It undergoes meiosis to produce three haploid cells.

B. It is a diploid cell located within an ovule.

C. It divides mitotically to form a male gametophyte.

D. It plays an important role in cross-pollination

8. Each pollen grain produces two cells, one of which may develop into:

A. a polar nucleus

B. a pollen tube

C. an anther

D. a stamen

9. The female plant structure on which a pollen grain will land is the:

A. style

B. filament

C. stigma

D. anther

10. How many nuclei are present in the embryo sac before fertilization? A. 2 C. 8 B. 4 D. 16

11. In the double fertilization below, which structures in the embryo sac will combine with the sperm cells to produce zygote and endosperm?

Zygote Endosperm

A. 1 2

B. 2 3

C. 2 4

D. 3 2

Embryo sac

1

2

3

4

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12. Following double fertilization, the ovule develops into ________ and the ovary develop

into___________.

A. a cotyledon, an embryo B. an embryo, a seed C. a seed, a fruit D. a fruit, a seed

PART B: STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1. FIGURE 1 shows longitudinal section of a flower and its reproductive parts during fertilization.

FIGURE 1

a) Name the male and female reproductive organs of the flower in FIGURE 1.

i) Male reproductive organ : ________________________________________

ii) Female reproductive organ : ________________________________________

[2 marks]

b) Label structures A, B, C and D in FIGURE 1.

A : _______________________________

B : _______________________________

C : _______________________________

D : _______________________________

[4 marks]

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c) What is the structure that develops just after the pollen grains have landed on A?

__________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

2. Name the process and structures involved in the development of pollen grain and formation of male

gametes in FIGURE 2.

[5 marks]

3. Label the structures involved in the development of ovule, embryo sac and formation of female gamete in

FIGURE 3.

[5 marks]

1.

5.

2.

3.

4.

2.

3.

5.

1.

4.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

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4. a) Name the structures involved in sexual reproduction of flowering plants in FIGURE 4 and FIGURE 5.

b) Based on FIGURE 4, name the process that takes place when the pollen tube penetrates the ovule through

the micropyle.

__________________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

c) Describe how the process mentioned in 4 (b) occurs in a flower.

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5

1.

3.

2.

4.

1.

2.

3.

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5. a) Fill in the blanks for steps in double fertilization in plant on FIGURE 6.

b) Rewrite the double fertilization process in flowering plants based on FIGURE 6 above.

Pollen grain lands on a _____________ and thorny stigma

It absorbs water and _____________________

Producing _______________that grows down the _______

towards the _______________

Generative nucleus/cell divide by ____________ to produce

two ________________________

Chemical signal from _________________ will attract

pollen tube grows towards the micropyle

2 male gametes discharged enter the ______________ and

fuse with the nuclei

One male gamete fertilizes the __________ to form the

_____________ (2n). The other male gamete combine with

two __________________ to form an______________ (3n)

in the central cell.

FIGURE 6

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BIOLOGY TUTORIAL WORKSHEET

CHAPTER 8 : REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT

SUBTOPIC : 8.3. Human Reproductive System

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a) Describe the structure of spermatozoa

b) Describe the stages of spermatogenesis

c) Describe the structure of secondary oocyte.

d) Describe the stages of oogenesis.

e) Outline female reproductive cycle and its hormonal control:

i. Ovarian cycle

ii. Uterine / menstrual cycle

PART A : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. In spermatogenesis, the primordial germ cells undergo mitotic division and differentiation to form A. spermatid

B. sperms

C. diploid spermatogonia

D. haploid spermatogonia

2. The following are stages in spermatogenesis. P: spermatogonium.

Q: primary spermatocyte.

R: secondary spermatocyte.

S: spermatid.

Which of the following stages involve haploid cells?

A. P and Q. B. P and S. C. R and S. D. Q and R

3. Where are human sperms produced? A. Prostate gland B. Vas deferens C. The seminiferous tubules of the testes D. Epididymis

4. Which of the following produce testosterone? A. Sertoli cells B. Hypothalamus C. Leydig cells D. Anterior pituitary

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5. In oogenesis, the first meiotic division completes during the development of A. primordial germ cells to oogonium. B. oogonium to primary oocytes. C. primary oocytes to secondary oocytes. D. secondary oocyte to ovum.

6. Arrange the following stages of oogenesis in sequential order 1. secondary oocyte 2. oogonium 3. ovum 4. primary oocyte

A. 4,1,2,3 B. 4,3,2,1 C. 3,2,4,1 D. 2,4,1,3

7. In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that A. oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity. B. oogenesis produces haploid cells whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional sperm. C. oogenesis produces one functional ovum whereas spermatogenesis produces four functional

spermatozoa.

D. spermatogenesis begins before birth.

8. In the female _____________ stimulates follicle maturation. A. GnRH B. LH C. FSH D. estrogen

9. One function of the developing follicle is to: A. stimulate ovulation B. secrete progesterone C. secrete estrogen D. secrete prolactin

10. The graph below shows the level of hormones in a menstrual cycle

I II III IV V

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Which of the following shows the menstrual period ?

A. I only B. II to III C. IV to V D. V to I

11. What are the three phases of ovarian cycle? A. Menstrual, ovulation and luteal B. Follicular, luteal and secretory C. Menstrual, proliferative and secretory D. Follicular, ovulation and luteal

12. Diagram below shows the changes in the thickness of the endometrium in a menstrual cycle.

At which stage will implantation takes place if fertilization occurs?

13. Ovulation usually occurs on or about day ____ of a 28-day ovarian cycle? A. 1 B. 7 C. 14 D. 21

14. Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during A. the flow phase of menstrual (uterine) cycle. B. the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. C. the period just before ovulation. D. the end of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.

15. After ovulation, high levels of ______________ inhibit _____________ secretion. A. FSH and LH; estrogen and progesterone B. estrogen and progesterone; FSH and LH C. HCG; estrogen and progesterone D. estrogen; FSH

Thickness of

endometrium

A B C D

28 Time

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16. The function of corpus luteum is to: A. nourish and protect the egg cell B. produce prolactin in the mammary gland C. produce progesterone and estrogen D. convert into a hormone-producing follicle after ovulation

17. Which of the following best describes the menstrual cycle? A. It begins with the follicular phase. B. It continues from puberty until death. C. The cycle length is 26 days. D. It refers specially to changes that occurs in the endometrium of the uterus.

18. The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle A. is associated with dropping levels of estrogen and progesterone. B. starts with the endometrium begins to degenerate. C. corresponds with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. D. corresponds with the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.

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PART B :STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1. FIGURE 1 shows the stages of spermatogenesis.

a) . Identify A, B and C in FIGURE 1.

A: C:

B:

[3 marks]

b) State the ploidy number of cell B and cell C in the figure above. B:

C:

[2 marks]

c) Name the hormone produced by Cell X that stimulates spermatogenesis.

[1 mark]

d) Cell Y is important in the development of D into E. Name Cell Y and its function.

Cell Y:

Function:

[2 marks]

FIGURE 1

Cell X

Capillary

Basement

membrane

Fibrous connective

tissue

A

B

C

Cell Y

Nucleus of

Cell Y

D

E

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e) Why do Cell X and Cell Y important during spermatogenesis in terms of negative feedback mechanism?

[2 marks]

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers based on FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

2.

1.

3.

……………………………cells (2n) divide by mitosis to form spermatogonia (2n)

Some of spermatogonium (2n) remains at the

basement membrane as precursor stem cells

and another spermatogonium (2n)

differentiate/increase in size forming primary

spermatocytes (2n).

Primary spermatocytes (2n)

undergo ……………… forming two

secondary spermatocytes (n).

Secondary spermatocytes (n)

undergo ……………... forming four

spermatids (n).

Spermatids (n) are non-motile and become

embedded in ……………………..to get

the …………………

Spermatids (n) undergo ………………….. to

form spermatozoa/ sperm cell (n).

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3. Label the structures of spermatozoa in FIGURE 3.

4. Name the process involved in oogenesis in FIGURE 4 below.

4.

2.

3. 1.

5.

6.

7.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 4

1.

2.

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5. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers based on FIGURE 5.

2.

3.

1.

…………………………. cells (2n) divide repeatedly by mitosis forming oogonia (2n)

Oogonia (2n) divide by mitosis to form

primary oocytes (2n)

Primary oocytes (2n) undergo meiosis I but

arrested at …………………

At puberty, follicle-stimulating hormone

(FSH) stimulates the growth and

development of follicles. Only one follicle

fully matures each month, with its primary

oocyte completing meiosis I forming

secondary oocyte (n)

and ………………………….. (n)

Secondary oocyte (n) undergoes meiosis II

but arrested at ………………

The secondary oocyte (n) is released

during …………………….

Meiosis II complete to form ovum

and …………………………….. when

sperm (n) penetrates the secondary oocyte

(n) and fertilization occurs

The entry of sperm triggers completion of

meiosis II in ……………………….

……………………………. (n) will eventually degenerates.

FIGURE 5

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6. Label the parts of secondary oocyte in FIGURE 6.

7. Label the phases involved in ovarian cycle in FIGURE 7.

FIGURE 6

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

FIGURE 7

2. 1.

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8. Name the phases involved in uterine cycle in FIGURE 8.

9. Arrange the following statements in the correct order for ovarian cycle in FIGURE 9 below.

Secretion of estrogen increases as the follicle grows bigger and stimulates the secretion

of FSH and LH by the positive feedback mechanism.

After ovulation, LH stimulates the development of corpus luteum from the empty

Graafian follicle.

LH indirectly stimulates the secretion of estrogen by the developing/Graafian follicle.

Surge of LH stimulates the maturation of follicle and ovulation.

GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

and luteinizing hormone (LH).

LH also stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen

FSH stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary from primary follicle to

become Graafian follicle.

As the level of progesterone and estrogen increase, they exert negative feedback on the

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland to inhibit the secretion of LH and FSH.

Without maintenance from LH, the corpus luteum disintegrates and the levels of

progesterone and estrogen decrease.

Hypothalamus starts to secretes Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate

the growth of new follicles in the ovary.

As the estrogen level rise, it causes the decrease of FSH by the negative feedback

mechanism to ensure only one follicle to be developed at one time

Hypothalamus free from negative feedback and the next cycle begins.

3. 2. 1.

FIGURE 8

FIGURE 9

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BIOLOGY TUTORIAL WORKSHEET

CHAPTER 8 : REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT

SUBTOPIC : 8.4. Fertilization

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

a) Describe briefly the stages that lead to fertilization:

i. Capacitation

ii. Acrosomal reaction

iii. Fusion of sperm head membrane and oocyte

iv. Cortical reaction

PART A : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Before a sperm can complete in fertilization, it must undergo a maturation process in the female reproductive tract known as:

A. the acrosomal reaction. B. the cortical reaction. C. spermatogenesis. D. capacitation.

2. Which of the following statement about capacitation is TRUE? A. The increase in estrogen level to stimulate the formation of oxytocin receptor. B. The production of prostaglandin that contracts endometrium wall. C. The formation of fertilization membrane by zona pellucida. D. The enhancement of sperm function in the oviduct.

3. During the acrosomal reaction, the acrosome: A. detaches, allowing the sperm to penetrate the egg. B. releases enzymes that digest the outer layer of the egg. C. secretes calcium ions, which cause the sperm to fuse with the egg. D. releases inhibin, which causes the sperm to bind to the egg.

4. The cortical reaction of eggs functions directly in the A. formation of a fertilization envelope. B. production of a fast block to polyspermy. C. release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm cell. D. generation of an electrical impulse by the egg cell.

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PART B : STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1. Name the stages that lead to fertilization of ovum by sperm in FIGURE 1.

2. Name the stages of fertilization in FIGURE 2.

Stages Description

Final maturation of the spermatozoa.

Remove the glycoprotein layer – expose the sperm’s receptor

Sperm’s mortality increase

Sperm’s head bind with specific receptor in on zona pellucida

Hydrolytic enzyme discharge to hydrolyze zona pellucida

Sperm’s head reach the plasma membrane of secondary oocyte,binds

and fuses with the egg plasma membrane.

complete meiosis ll

Cortical granule release enzyme to zona pellucida by exocytosis

Zona pellucida harden

Prevent polyspermy

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 1

1.

2. 3.

4.