Type of Mangrove microorganism swamp Kingdom Useful Pond Quadrat sampling microorganisms Produser pH technique Hierarchy of Consumer classification Harmful Temperature Capture, mark, microorganisms Decomposers release, recapture Definition of Food Light intensity technique pathogen and vector Chain Symptom of diseases Humidity Method of transmissionFood web of diseases Topography Linnaeus Method for control binomial controlling pathogen system The usage of Interaction in Microclimate microorganism relation to in biotechnologyfeeding Antibiotic and vaccine production Symbiosis Saprophytism Predator-prey Competition Oil slick cleaning Commensalism interaction Intraspecific Parasitism competition Waste recycle Mutualism Interspecific Food processing

competition Bioplastic production

Energy generated

From biomass

The changes of habitat that can cause succession in mangrove swamp.

THEME: INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN LIVING THINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Chapter 9 : Dynamic Ecosystem

9.1 Analysing the biotic and abiotic components of the environment.

Complete the following diagram

Environment

Biotic Component Abiotic Component

Definition Definition

Example Example

Bird Grass Cat Grasshopper bacteria air pH light humidity topography intensity

Suggested activity

Teacher may brings student to visit the school compound

Definition

Write down the definition of the following terms

TermDefinition

Trophic LevelEach stage of a food chain

Food ChainThe relationship between the food and the transfer of energy from

producer through a series of organism which feed upon each another

Food WebA series of interrelated food chains.

Pyramid of numbersRepresent the number of organism at each trophies level

ProducerTrophic organism which synthesize food from inorganic substances

by photosynthesis

Primary ConsumerA group of first organism which feeding and received the energy transfer from producer or first organism.

They are called herbivore

Secondary ConsumerThe group which received energy from herbivore.

The second group which received energy transfer from producer.

They are called carnivore

Tertiary ConsumerThe group of organism which feed on carnivore.

(The third energy transfer receiver from producer)

DecomposerMicroorganism which break down the complex substances as protein and carbohydrate (dead organism or waste product ) to a simple substances as carbon dioxide and ammonia

Classification

The following figure shows 4 organisms in a grassland.

1.Construct three food chains from the shown figure

2.Forms a food web which interrelated all the organism above

Complete the figure using the pictures given.

Organisms Trophic level

Figure 2 : Pyramid Number

Construct a pyramid number using the food chain below.

1.

2.

3.

Notes

The energy transfer in a food chain.

Energy loss

Notes

1. Energy is transfer from one trophic level to a higher trophic level.

2. Energy is lost when it is transfer from one level to another and the amount is not the

same because

a)energy loss to the atmosphere through respiration and excretion

b)energy is passed to the decomposer when the organism decay

Complete the table belowType of interaction Effect

ProblemCharacteristics for adaptation

HostLodger

organism

A. Symbiosis

1. Parasitism - endoparasite

- ectoparasite

2.Comensalisme

- epiphyte

-epizoic

3. Mutualisme

Not benefit

-disease-dead

Not benefit

Benefit Benefit

-nutrient

-protection

Benefit

BenefitTapeworm

Reproduction respiration

Digestion by

enzyme

Support

dehydrationothersHermaphrodite

Anaerobic

respiration

cuticle

hook velamen root

and others

B. Saprophytism -saprophyte

- saprozoic

Benefit

NutrientDecomposition

ReproductionSecrete enzyme

Light spore

C.Prey-Predator

Predator get

foodNot benefit to

Prey

DeadPrey can be easily detect by predator

Predator kill the prey

camouflageSecrete enzyme

Canine tooth

Sharp vision

D. Competition

----

Prey-Predator Graph

PHASEPQR

ManIncreaseDecreaseIncrease

PredatorLowIncreaseDecrease

Explanation of the

graph phasePrey population increase. They did not kill by predator.

Prey reproduction and increase the number.Predator population increase. They get enough food.

Prey killed by predator and decreased.When the population of prey decreased, predator did not get enough food, cannot reproduce and decreased in the population . When the predator decrease, prey is not hunt, the reproduction continue and the population increase

Data Analysis For Interspecies Competition in Paramecium sp.

Graph 1 Graph 2

Study the graph 1 and 2.and then explain the graph figure

Graph 1

Paramecium Aurelia graph increase higher than the Paramecium caudatum graph because the rate of growth is more higher

Graph 2

In the first 6 days, P . Aurelia graph is higher than the P caudatum graph because the rate growth of P . Aurelia is higher

After the day sixth, P Aurelia graph decrease because the interspecies competition for food and space occurred.

P.aurelia successful in this competition

Conclusion

The Paramecium which has the high rate of growth will successful in the interspecies competition

9.2 Colonisation and succession

According to the figure below, give the definition for the following terms.

Species

A group of organisms that look alike and capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspringHabitat

The natural environment in which an organism can get food, shelter, living space, nesting and breeding sites.Niche

The function of an organism or the role its play in an ecosystem. Example; The grasshopper eats grass in the grassland Population

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat at the same time.

Community

All the plant and animals species living within a defined area or habitat in an ecosystemEcosystem

A community of living organisms interacting which each other and with the non-living environment.Biosphere

All the ecosystems on the earth.Ecology

The study of ecology

Study the above photograph and give the definition as given below.

1.Succession species Substitute spin the succession process

2.Dominant species The most abundant species in the habitat.

Example: The species. A

3. Succession process The gradual process where one community changes its environment so that it will replaced by another community

Mangrove swampZone 1Zone 2Zone 3Zone 4

Type of root.

Problems

Pneumotophore

1. Less dissolved oxygen in salt water

2. High concentration of osmotic of sea water

physiology dehydrationProp roots

1. to support the tree / soft muddy soil

2 seed easily drift by the currentButtress roots

1. Seeds easily drift by the current

Adaptation

1.Pneumstophores absorb oxygen from atmosphere

2. The cell sap of the roots cells of mangrove tree has a higher osmotic pressure than the soil water that surrounds1.Have prop roots to anchor the plants to the muddy soil

2.Have vivipary seeds1.Have knee shaped roots

2.Have vivipary seeds

Pioneer species

/

Avicennia sp

Successor 1

Rhizophora sp

Successor 2

Bruguiera sp

Bruguiera sp

Names the species

1. Pioneer : Elodea sp and Hydrilla sp

2. Successor 1 : Lemna sp and Pistia sp

3. Successor 2 : Sedges and cattails

9.3 : Population Ecology

Population Ecology the study about size population measurement and the factors affecting population size

Technic to determine size and population density

The quadrat sampling techniqueCapture, mark, release and recapture technique

Suggested Activity

Suggested Activity

-Conduct an experiment to investigate

-To conduct the analogy experiment distribution of plant in school field

using soys beans that can be mark

by the marker pen

Formulae

FormulaePercentage = Aerial coverage of all qdt X 100 Coverage no.of qdrt sampled x qdrt area

Abiotic factors that affecting the organism distribution

Abiotic componentInterrelation between the population distribution of organisms with abiotic component

Temperature

Lemna population increase when the temperature increase to a certain point

Light intensity

Lemna population increase when the light intensity increase to a certain point

*Rate of photosynthesis increase

Moistness

Lemna population increase when the moistness is increase

* Lemna is an aquatic plant

pH

Lemna population increase in the water with the neutral pH

Suggestion ;

Plan and conduct an experiment to investigate the pH and light intensity effects on Lemna sp.

9.4 Biodiversity

Biodiversity Diversity of organism species on earth

The existence of too many species created the need for a systematic system of classification.

Why classification system needed

1. To make studies and discussion at international level easier

2. To classify the organism systematically based on share characteristics to avoid miscommunication (etc).

Fill in the blank with suitable answers.

KingdomCharacteristics

Absence of nuclear membrane

Disperse chromosomes in cytoplasm.

Nuclear membrane present

Unicellular or multicellular

Have no special tissues

Fungus

Have hyphae

Absorb nutrient from decayed or life host

Without chlorophyll

Produce spores

Multicellular plant

Chlorophyll present

Have tissues for different functions

Figure 9.12: Animalia kingdom Multicellular animals

The build of Dichotomous Key

Steps to observe for build a Dichotomous key.

Build a Dichotomous Keys to classify organisms shown in the diagram bellow

Complete the table

Kingdom

Phyllum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Linnaeus Binomial System

The present scientific system of naming organism is the Linnaeus binomial system.

This system is created by a specialist environment scientist named Carl Linnaeus (1707 1778).

According Linnaeus binomial system

i. Scientific name consists of two words.

ii. The first name is the genus of the organism.

iii. The second name is the species name.

iv. The first alphabet of genus is capitalised.

v. The species name it is in small letters printed in italic or underlined separately.

Periplaneta Americana

1. Please rewrite the scientific name of the above organism.

Periplaneta americana

2. State two mistakes in the scientific name above.

a) The first letter of species is capitalised

b) Underline the genus and species name

3. What is the common name for the organism?

Cockroach

The importance of Biodiversity

Suggestion for preservation

1. Reinforce law to protect animal

2. Designate certain animal as endangered species

3. Build a preservation centre for endangered species

4. Discourage the buying things that are made from animal part like elephants tusk, snake skin ect

Suggestion for conservation

1. Replanting programmes

2. Selective logging in a rainforest

3. encourage people to plant

4. Designate certain forest as national park

9.5 The roles of microorganism in life

microorganism is a minute organism that cant be seen by our naked eyes.

KingdomMicroorganismExampleCharacteristic

ProkaryotaeBacteriaVibrio spNuclear absence

ProtistaProtozoaAmoebaNuclear present

ProtistaVirusHIVDont respire and excrete, have DNA

ProtistaAlgaeVolvoxHave chlorophyll

FungiFungiYeastWithout chlorophyll

Table 1

Preferring to microorganism in figure 1, complete table 1

Abiotic component that affects the microorganism (yeast or Bacillus subtilis).

Abiotic componentEffect on microorganism activity

pH Yeast is active at neutral pH

Yeast is not active when acidic and alkaline condition

Temperature At low temperature, yeast activity is slow

At optimum temperature, yeast activity is at its maximum

At extreme temperature, there is no yeasts activity.

Light Yeast is only active in the dark

Yeast is not active in bright condition

Nutrients Yeast is very active in the present of nutrient

Yeast is not active when there is no nutrient

Suggested activity

Carry out experiment to investigate the effects of changes in abiotic component to yeast activity.

Useful microorganism

The nitrogen cycle

List the function of microorganism in the nitrogen cycle above

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

1. Rhizobium (in root nodule)

Clostridium (live freely in soil, fix atmosphere nitrogen to nitrate)

2. Putrefying bacteria and fungi, help in putrefaction and decomposition of organic matter into ammonia NH3

3. Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus charges ammonia into nitrite, NO2

4. Nitrobacter changes nitrite into nitrate, NO3-

5. Denitrifying bacteria, changes nitrate into nitrogen

Fill the blanks in the table below

ProcessMicroorganism roles

ExampleExplanations

Putrefaction Bacteria / saprophytes fungusPutrefied dead organic substance into simple compound

Digestion Termites

- Trichonympha sp.

Human being

- Homo sapiensSecreted cellulase for cellulose digestion into simple sugar

Harmful microorganism

Short note:

Pathogen - microorganism that can cause illness / harm

Example: Vibrio sp. Cholera disease

Vector animal can transfer the pathogen from host to host

Example: housefly carry Vibrio sp.

Symptoms: changes experienced by those who contact the illness.

Example: vomiting food poisoning and diarrhoea

Fill the blank in the table below

DiseasePathogenVectorSymptomMethod of transmission

Malaria Protozoan

Plasmodium sp.Anopheles mosquitoShivering, fever and sweatingThrough mosquito bite

CholeraBacterium

Vibrio sp.HouseflyDiarrhoea Through contaminated food and water

InfluenzaVirus -Headache, feverThrough air

Mangefungus-- light red rashes

- itchy skinDirect contact and sharing of clothes

Food poisoningBacterium, fungusHouseflyDiarrhoea, vomitingThrough contaminated food

The method of pathogen control

Complete the table below

SubstanceExampleExplanation

Antibiotic Penicillin Chemical produce to kill other microbes

Vaccines BCGPathogen that have been weakened injected into body to stimulate the production of antibody

Antiseptic - potassium permanganate

- Iodine Chemicals to inhibit the growth of microbes

Disinfectants - formalin

- phenol Chemical which kill microbes

Dynamic Ecosystem

Components of ecosystem

Colonisation and Succession

Population Ecology

Biodiversity

Impact of microorganism in life

Biotic component

Biotic component

Definition of population

Research method

Classification system of organism

Naming of organism

Appreciating biodiversity

Interaction between biotic component

Predator-prey

Picture

Example

Picture

Competition

Interspecific

Intraspecific

Saprophytism

Symbiosis

parasitism

parasite

Host

Picture

Zone

1

Example

Picture

Example

mutualism

Commensalism

Example

Picture

New zone formed

pioneer species inhabit

Effect of mud deposition

Picture

Picture

Definition

Example

Zone

2

Zone

3

Zone

4

Prop root trapped mud and rubbish

The banks are raised up even higher, the soil becomes more solid/compact, more fertile and less saline

Pneumatophore root trapped mud and rubbish

The banks are raised up even higher, the soil becomes more solid/compact, more fertile and less saline

Continually deposition and become terrestrial

Habitat

Habitat

Habitat

CONCEPT MAP

CAPTER 9 : DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

Preservation and conservation

The importance of biodiversity

Non living things

The living things in environment

1. Plant grasshopper spider bird

2. Green plant caterpillar bird

3. Green plant aphid spider bird

Caterpillar bird

Green plant Grasshopper Spider

Aphid

Tertiary cons.

4

Eagle

1

Snake

Rabbit

Grass

Secondary Cons

3

Primary Cons

2

Producer

The Pyramid number

The food chain

Snake

Eagle

Plant

Rabbit

tree

aphid

protozoa

Bird

tree

aphid

Beetle

Environment

Secondary

consumer

Tertiary

consumer

Primary

consumer

Producer

Decomposer

R

Q

P

The number of protozoa in each 0.5 ml medium

The number of protozoa in each 0.5 ml medium

day

day

Study the figure below and elaborate the colonization and succession process.

- Submerged plants (pioneer) increased dissolve oxygen content

- Pioneer species die and decompose, deposited at the base of the pond

- The pond become shallow

- Suitable for floating plants

- Floating plants (successor) prevent sunlight from reaching the submerged plants

- Cause submerged plants die / cannot \photosynthesis , increase more organic matter

- The pond become shallow

- sesuai utk tumb amfibia

- Emergent plants decrease light reaching the pond base

- Many aquatic plants die

- The pond becomes more shallow.

- Sedges and cattails increased and grow horizontally and colonised the habitat

- More decomposed remains when they die and the pond becomes more favourable to the small herbaceous weeds.

-Climax community

- Succession process stopped,, a stable level emerges.

- Primary forest takes hundreds year time.

-

Number of organisms in the first sample X number of

Organisms in the second dample

Number of marked organisms recaptured

Percentage = number of quadrats containing the

Frequency species X 100%

__________________________

number of quadrats sampled

On Condition

No mortality/ natality

No immigrant/ emmigrant

Animals mix in random

Total number of individuals of a

Density = species in all quadrats

__________________________

Number of quadrats sampled

X Area of each quadrat sampled

Figure 9.10: Fungi kingdom

Figure 9.11: Plantae kingdom

Divide into two obvious groups.

In every group, find one or two characteristic that can divide into smaller groups.

The above step is continously repeated until each group end up with one organism

Identify the main physical characteristics.

Name the organism.

Blue / red

Dark / Bright

Colour

Avoid Abstract characteristics

Habitat

Size

Live in water / terrestial on land

Small / big

Long / short

Physiology

Can fly / cannot fly

Closely related group of phyllum.

Closely related group of class.

Closely related group of order.

Closely related group of family.

Closely related group of genus.

Closely related group of species.

Closely related group of species having many common characteristic.

Source of protein, carbohydrates and lipid

Food chain

Food web

Energy flow

Nutrient cycle

Resources timber

The importance of Biodiversity

Economy

Environment balance

Clean air

Medical resources

Habitat

Food resources

During photosynthesis plant use carbon dioxide and release oxygen to atmosphere

Discovery of plants species having medical value

Tongkat ali

Kacip fatimah

Pegaga

As the habitat for flora and fauna

cynobacteria

bacteria

yeast

spore

mushroom

hyphae

Bread mould

Figure 1